Hippocampus - Report of the FEI Veterinary and Dressage Committees

<body> <BODY> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Report of the FEI Veterinary and Dressage<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Committees' Workshop<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">The use of over bending (“Rollkur”) in FEI<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">Competition<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">31 January 2006 during the FEI Veterinary<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Committee meeting at the Olympic Museum,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Lausanne.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">CONTENTS<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Page No.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1. Executive Summary 3<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2. Report of the Scientific Session 4<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3. Synopsis of the Discussion 10<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">4. Recommendations and Conclusions from the Workshop 12<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">5. Acknowledgements<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">12<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">List of Appendices:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1. Preliminary Report of the Welfare Subcommittee on the use<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of “Rollkur” as a training method for Dressage horses to the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Veterinary Committee 14<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2. Workshop Programme on 31 January 2006 16<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3. Delegates in attendance at the Workshop 17<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">4. Abstracts of the scientific presentations made at the Workshop 19<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">5. Comments received subsequent to the Workshop 31<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">6. FEI Press Release issued by Muriel Faienza on 31 Jan'06 33<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Report dated 26 February 2006.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1. Executive Summary<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><ST1:METRICCONVERTER w:st="on" ProductID="1. A"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1. A</SPAN></ST1:METRICCONVERTER><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"> meeting of 50 invited representatives from all aspects of international<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">dressage and equestrian sport was organised by the FEI Veterinary and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dressage Committees to review the training technique that has become<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">known as "Rollkur".<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2. It was agreed that a suitable form of words must be found to better<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">describe "Rollkur-like" techniques as tools used in the training of horses for<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">dressage and other disciplines.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3. The Workshop considered the term "hyperflexion" and the following<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">working definition was agreed:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">"</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Hyperflexion of the neck is a technique of working/training to provide a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">degree of longitudinal flexion of the mid-region of the neck that cannot be<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">self-maintained by the horse for a prolonged time without welfare<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">implications.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">”<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">"There must be an understanding that hyperflexion as a training aid must<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">be used correctly, as the technique can be an abuse when attempted by<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">an inexperienced/unskilled rider/trainer."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">4. Both the term “hyperflexion” and the working definition need further work<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">by the Dressage and Veterinary Committees to refine the wording, taking<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">into account the comments and opinions of those present at the Workshop.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">5. Delegates were unanimous in their agreement that horses must not be seen<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">to be put under pressure by this or any other training techniques. At all<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">times there must be a clear understanding and proper application of such<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">training tools by riders and trainers, and the welfare of the horse must<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">remain paramount.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">6. Evidence presented at the Workshop indicated that in experienced hands<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">there was no apparent abuse, improper welfare or clinical side effects<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">associated from the use of hyperflexion. However, if not practiced<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">correctly, there are serious concerns for welfare and possible clinical injury<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">that will affect a horse's well-being and performance.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">7. The meeting agreed that ground rules are urgently required so that<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Stewards can be briefed to take action and prevent abuse of the technique<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">in all disciplines.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">8. The Veterinary Committee should now identify what research is required to<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">confirm unequivocally whether or not there is a welfare issue involved in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">training techniques using hyperflexion.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">4<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2. REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC SESSION<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2.1. INTRODUCTION by the Chairman, Professor Leo Jeffcott<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">In his introduction, Professor Jeffcott, Chairman of the FEI Veterinary Committee and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Convenor of the Workshop, welcomed all present and particularly thanked Mrs Mariette<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Withages, Chairman of the FEI Dressage Committee, for her close involvement with the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">programme. He said he was pleased to see so many international speakers and experts<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">including distinguished judges, stewards, riders and trainers. Although this was a closed<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">meeting, he added that he was very happy to welcome key representatives of the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">specialised equestrian press, together with members of the Veterinary, Dressage, Media<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Advisory Committees and the Welfare Sub-Committee.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The Chairman explained that over a period of time there had been considerable<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">controversy in the media over the use of the training technique that had recently become<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">known as “Rollkur” (or, erroneously called “over-bending”). Some riders, other<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">knowledgeable experts in equestrian sport, including dressage, and members of the public<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">considered the technique unnecessary, offensive to the viewer and, importantly, a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">potential welfare issue to the horse. The FEI had received complaints and it had therefore<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">been decided to arrange a Workshop to investigate thoroughly the issues surrounding the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">use of the technique.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The Chairman outlined his aims for the meeting as follows:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">review current training techniques;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">identify any welfare implications;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">establish a list of “Pros” and “Cons”;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">better understand the biomechanics and kinematics of neck movement in the horse;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">identify any clinical side effects of long term use;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">consider areas of research for which further scientific evidence was needed;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">prepare a report to the FEI on the way forward.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The Chairman explained that his role was impartial. He emphasised that the audience<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">were the experts; they should listen to the evidence of the speakers, following which he<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">would seek maximum participation in the discussion. The Rapporteurs would then prepare<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a Summary of the day’s proceedings for submission to the FEI.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2.2. AN INTRODUCTION FROM THE WELFARE PERSPECTIVE </SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dr Andrew Higgins, Chairman FEI Welfare Sub-Committee<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dr. Higgins explained that the Welfare Sub-Committee had been established by the FEI in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2004 to promote the health and welfare of sport horses competing in the FEI disciplines<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and reports to the Veterinary and Ethics Committees. In June 2005 the Welfare Sub-<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Committee was asked by the Chairman of the Veterinary Committee to examine the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">possible welfare implications of the use of “Rollkur” as a training technique. He referred to<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the FEI Code of Conduct, which requires those involved with international equestrian sport<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">to ensure that at all times the welfare of the horse remains paramount and which prohibits<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">any training methods which are abusive or cause fear or for which the horse has not been<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">properly trained.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>The Abstracts for each of the papers presented can be found in the Appendix.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">5<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">In examining the use of “Rollkur” the Welfare Sub-Committee had sought the advice of a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">number of experts in the field and reviewed the available evidence. The following<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">preliminary findings were presented:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">There is (at least) a perceived welfare issue to be addressed;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Although there appears to be a lack of reliable scientific or veterinary evidence that<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the technique causes lasting damage to a horse, there should be a thorough review<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of any effects the technique may have on the musculoskeletal, psychological and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">physiological systems;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">It seems that there is a serious welfare risk that less experienced riders, often at<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">locations outside the FEI’s jurisdiction, may imitate more skilful riders in attempting<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">to use the technique;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Within the FEI’s jurisdiction, e.g., in warm up areas, the FEI through the Dressage<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Committee and others should seek to supervise the use of the technique, probably<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">by upgrading the training of stewards;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The FEI should keep riders, trainers and the general public informed of its concerns<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and of the actions it is taking to assess any demonstrated welfare issues and to<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">address abuses.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2.3. EQUITATION AND LEARNING THEORY – POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">REINFORCEMENT<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dr Andrew McLean, Dr Paul McGreevy & Professor Leo Jeffcott, Australian Equine<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Behaviour Centre, 730 Clonbinane Road, Broadford, VIC 3658, & Faculty of Veterinary<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dr. McLean opened his presentation by defining “Rollkur” as a technique of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">working/training horses to produce a degree of cervical flexion that cannot be selfmaintained<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">by the horse for any length of time. He compared classical training with<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">operant conditioning which is used in most training systems. The former made<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">responses more likely in the future but the latter, which relied on reinforcement and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">punishment, made them less likely. He discussed positive and negative reinforcement<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">– positive reinforcement involved the addition of a primary reinforcer while negative<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">reinforcement relied on the immediate release of pressure as an instantaneous reward.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Failure to release such pressure could cause conflict in the horse and “learned<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">helplessness”, which he described as a state of learned pain tolerance when, for<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">example, a horse’s head was held on its chest and it had no way of relieving the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">position. Over-bending did, in fact, occur in nature but only for brief periods at a time.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">In equestrianism, problems arose through incorrect use of pressure that was applied<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">for too long. Dr. McLean said he considered that research could help remove<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">emotiveness from the debate by establishing, for a range of equine athletes, how much<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">contact was neutral, how much rein tension was too much, how contact discomfort and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">pain could be measured and how learned helplessness manifested itself in horses. Dr.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">McLean concluded by asking whether there could be good and bad “Rollkur” and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">whether a self-carriage test might be used to distinguish between them?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">6<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2.4. THE TRAINER’S VIEW ON OVER-BENDING (“ROLLKUR”) AS A TRAINING<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">AID FOR DRESSAGE COMPETITION<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Mr. Sjef Janssen, Dressage Trainer, Tack Factory, Erp, The Netherlands<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Mr. Janssen explained the basic philosophy of his training methods, which he illustrated,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">with a series of photographs. The message he particularly wished to project was his use<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of <B>low, deep and round (LDR) </B>as just one of the many tools in his system of successful<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">training. Mr. Janssen reviewed the centuries-long history of this type of training which<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">was now used in virtually all disciplines. He emphasised many aspects of his techniques<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">including daily work and relaxation regimes. Daily routine included warm up, which he<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">considers essential, transitions, specific movements and short spells of LDR followed by<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">relaxation. Rewards were given following all satisfactory movements. Total relaxation, on<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a daily basis, included periods loose in the field or hand walking, normally twice daily<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">weather permitting, hacking to cool down after training, occasional sessions on the horse<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">walker and plenty of good mental relaxation. Regular contact with people was important<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and routine veterinary examinations took place at 6-weekly intervals and with other<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">professionals as necessary.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Horses were always given plenty of time to develop and no serious high-level training was<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">introduced before a horse was 5–6 years old. LDR was introduced slowly over a period of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">time. Mr. Janssen said he considered the benefits of LDR as good physical and mental<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">connection with the horse ensuring full fitness and mental adaptation. The disadvantages<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">could be the copying of the techniques by unskilled trainers and riders who were<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">unfamiliar with the practices involved.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Mr. Janssen concluded that there was confusion in the dressage world between LDR<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">training, involving short periods of extreme flexion alternated with extension of the neck,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and what had become known as “Rollkur”, which was flexion maintained over a relatively<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">long period of time. LDR was a useful tool in skilled hands but was not to be seen as a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">role model for all.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2.5 FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE HORSE AS IT RELATES TO OVER-BENDING<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">(“ROLLKUR”)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">Dr. Gerd Heuschmann, Tier</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: DE">ä</SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">rztiliche Praxis fur Pferde, Warendorf, Germany<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dr. Heuschmann explained that “Classical Dressage” schooling was necessary to obtain<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">correct future performance. The training took 1.5-2 years to achieve its objective and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">could not be rushed. “Rollkur” contained an aggressive component that could have a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">negative effect on a horse’s movement compared to the acceptable and well-proven Low<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Deep and Round (LDR). With a neck too high too young, there would be little true muscle<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">development which could lead, for example, to the inability of the hind leg to follow<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">through and parallel the extended fore leg. Young horses should always be ridden with a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">forward and downward neck, which would produce a relaxed musculoskeletal system and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a well developed “long back muscle”. Tension was the enemy of positive training and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">abuse of draw reins was a notable cause of tension - hence each muscle must have a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">chance to relax after it has been “charged”.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dr. Heuschmann said that he considered that in to-day’s competition arena instead of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">demonstrating the correctness of basic gaits some, including judges, were more interested<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">7<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">in rewarding the “</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">wow</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">” factor. His main concern was for the horses’ welfare and in his<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">view a tense athlete was not a happy athlete.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2.6. RADIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE CERVICAL REGION IN RELATION TO<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">OVER-BENDING (ROLLKUR)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dr. Emile Welling, Blaricum, The Netherlands<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dr. Welling said that as a veterinary clinician he could not attribute specific lesions in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">horses to “round and deep” “Rollkur-like” training. He found a huge variation in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">radiological findings in different types of horses subject to a variation of training methods<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and not just in sports horses. Moreover, calcification and exostoses at the attachment of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the ligamentum nuchae to the nuchal crest of the occipital bone was common in a great<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">diversity of horses. However, pain in the cervical region was not as common as back or<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">limb pain.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dr. Welling illustrated his presentation with many radiographs, including those of two top<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Grand Prix dressage horses trained using “Rollkur-like” methods and which were now well<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">into retirement, but whose radiographs showed no lesions whatsoever. Dr Welling posed<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the question: “Is Rollkur really dangerous to the physical status and welfare of the horse?”<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">He thought not.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2.7. SCHOOLING PRINCIPLES AND WELFARE – THE SITUATION OF “ROLLKUR”<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">IN THIS CONTEXT<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor Frank Ődberg, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor Ődberg considered that it would be wrong just to focus on the technique of socalled<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">“Rollkur” but rather on the wider general philosophy of schooling, much of which<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">may be deleterious to a horse’s welfare. He warned against being too reliant on<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">photographic images of abuses which could be misleading as the split second timing of a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">photograph could show an image that was in total contrast to one taken immediately<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">before or after.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor Ődberg explored classical schooling principles throughout history, some of which<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">had less emphasis on equine welfare. He posed the question - can “Rollkur” be applied in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">an animal-friendly way by knowledgeable people and, if so, is its purpose useful or<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">counter-productive? He also questioned whether coercive riding affected wastage? In<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Germany, for example, he said that the average age of horses slaughtered was 8 – 10<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">years old. He wondered how much of this early wastage was due to coercive riding of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">young stock? He also spoke of the need to reward horses when they showed good<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">responses to aids and not to repeat them once the desired response had been achieved.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Children developed through partaking in different sports – horses also developed through<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a variety of training exercises. He concluded by describing dressage as an <B>art </B>and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">appealed for more equitation </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">science</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">; such research would require money, the potential<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">sources of which need to be identified. The emphasis on the research itself should focus<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">on seeking more respect for “lightness” both in competition and in training in all<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">disciplines. We must also train judges.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">8<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2.8. FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY AND DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF THE CERVICAL<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">SPINE<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor Jean-Marie Denoix, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d’Alfort, France<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor Denoix explained that the neck was critical in all disciplines and the proximity of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">joints to nerves indicated a potential cause of neck and gait problems. He described the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">functional anatomy of the nuchal ligament and cervical muscles and reported on flexion<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">studies on the neck and the effects these had on the spine caused by the narrowing of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">vertebral canal with flexion, and narrowing of the intervertebral foramen with extension.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Lateral flexion of the neck could be used as an indicator of neck injury.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">He described the clinical manifestations of neck pain and its diagnosis and pointed out that<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a rider was often totally unaware of any injury to the horse. Hyperflexion or over-bending<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of the neck would cause stresses in the intervertebral discs, in the nuchal area and in the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">withers. Such extreme movements would not necessarily cause primary lesions but may<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">cause pain in horses with pre-existing conditions. In all aspects the main danger was<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">misuse of the aids. Professor Denoix concluded by stating that ultrasound was very<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">sensitive to bone surface abnormalities such as hypertrophy or fragmentation of the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">articular processes and was therefore particularly useful for the treatment of cervical<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">problems.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2.9. THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HEAD AND NECK POSITIONS ON THE<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">THORACOLUMBAR KINEMATICS IN THE UNRIDDEN HORSE<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor P.R. van Weeren, H. Meyer, C. Johnston, L. Roepstorff, M. A. Weishaupt,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor van Weeren opened his presentation on behalf of his collaborators in Uppsala,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Utrecht and Zurich by providing a theoretical and historical background to back<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">biomechanics (“bow and string” concept). In many equestrian activities a specific position<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of the head and/or neck was required that was dissimilar to the natural position. Much<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">controversy existed on the impact of these positions, but no quantitative data was<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">available. The Zürich/Uppsala/Utrecht joint project had been motivated by Professor Heinz<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Meyer, and aimed to study the influence of the horse’s head and neck positions on motion,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the forces through the hooves to the ground and to examine ways to improve training and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">therapy.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor van Weeren quantified the effect of 5 different positions on thoracolumbar<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">kinematics of the horse and noted that position 4 (= head and neck lowered with nose<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">behind the vertical) affected normal locomotion with a decrease in stride length and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">increase in range of motion (elasticity). This lent credibility to the fact that the position<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">could be of value in training depending on by whom and how it was applied. In contrast,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">other extreme positions tended to have negative effects on various body regions, could<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">greatly disturb normal kinematics and could slow the natural speed of the horse.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor van Weeren called for further research to obtain a more comprehensive picture<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of competition horse biomechanics and the potential for the use of a combination of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">measurement techniques with ethology.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">9<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2.10. EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF OVERBENDING (ROLLKUR)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor Eric van Breda, Masstricht University, The Netherlands<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor van Breda said he believed that the primary goal of equine athletic training was<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">to enhance performance and maintain health and well-being. There was a fine line<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">between training and over-training and the aim must be to find the optimum balance<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">between the two. Variation in training techniques was necessary to prevent horses<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">becoming over-trained and to keep the equine athlete calm, relaxed and happy.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">A recent study had compared post-training stress between elite horses in which an<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">unnatural head/neck position (“Rollkur”) had been used and a recreational horse in which<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">such technique was not commonly used; stress was less in the elite horses suggesting that<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the health and well-being of top competition horses can be maintained despite non-natural<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">biomechanical positions. Professor van Breda concluded that, based on his research, overbending<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">did not induce stress nor pose a serious threat to the well-being of horses in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">skilled hands. He did, however, call for a multi-disciplined approach to more research.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2.11. RESEARCH TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING OVER-BENDING (ROLLKUR)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor Hilary Clayton, McPhail Equine Performance Center, Michigan State University,USA<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor Clayton advised that the neck is one of the most mobile parts of the horse’s<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">body. She had studied maximum flexion and extension in the neck of dead horses and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">showed huge motion in the region of the pole and at the base of the neck. Using<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">fluoroscopy she had scanned the neck and measured the angles between the cervical<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">vertebrae in different positions. This technique could also be used to evaluate patency of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the airways. She called for a clear definition of what was over-bending and what it was<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">not? Extreme flexion took place in the middle part of the neck. While it was difficult to<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">monitor back motion during ridden exercise, due to the presence of the saddle, she<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">described the use of ShapeTape, a fibreoptic based sensor, which can not only monitor<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">back motion but can be combined to correlate this with movements of the limbs.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor Clayton reiterated the opinion of others that over-bending was employed as a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">training technique in a wide range of sports horses and that there was considerable scope<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">for relevant applied research.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1 0<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3. Synopsis of the Discussion<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">An enthusiastic and constructive debate took place and questions and points were raised<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">by all representative organisations present at the Workshop.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3.1. Definition of the training technique of so-called "Rollkur"<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The initial discussion focused on the need to clarify what was meant by the term “Rollkur”,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">which had connotations of potential abuse, and to separate its association from<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">hyperflexion, which the Workshop accepted as a legitimate training exercise in skilled<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">hands. One major difference was the length of time that the head and neck were held in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the hyperflexed state.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The term “Rollkur” had apparently been coined in an article in the German press to<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">describe the condition, but no formal definition had been produced. After considerable<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">debate and discussion the following definition of "hyperflexion" was recommended:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">“"</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Hyperflexion of the neck is a technique of working/training to provide a degree<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of longitudinal flexion of the mid-region of the neck that cannot be selfmaintained<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">by the horse for a prolonged time without welfare implications.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">”<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">"There must be an understanding that hyperflexion as a training aid must be<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">used correctly, as the technique can be an abuse when attempted by an<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">inexperienced/unskilled rider/trainer."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Although the Workshop agreed this definition was not perfect, it was felt to be appropriate<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">as a working definition pending further consideration by the Dressage and Veterinary<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Committees.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3.2. General debate on how the issue should be managed<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">There was a lively and extensive discussion on how best to move forward. The bullet<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">points below are among the points raised:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Why change the name of “Rollkur”? Why not train stewards to identify the problem<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and brief them on control?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Hyperflexion is a training tool. It is not part of basic training;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">A horse which has been well treated will maintain its flexed position when the reins<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">have been relaxed;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">At what stage does hyperflexion “use” become “abuse”? What constitutes “too<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">much” hyperflexion? Research is needed to specify the differences;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">What is “correctly applied” hyperflexion?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">What is an acceptable length of time to keep a horse hyperflexed?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">“It is a fact that most “Rollkur” trained horses have severe irregularities in their<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">natural gaits and some of them show obvious mental problems”;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">What evidence is there that lower level horses do not have neck lesions resulting<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">from hyperflexion?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The standard and quality of horses has improved considerably over the past four<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">decades. “Rollkur” is more applicable with highly sensitive horses. How long<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">should it be used and how much harm is it doing?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1 1<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">There needs to be an understanding of the use of “Rollkur”; it is clearly dangerous<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">when used by unskilled riders/trainers;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">How can a Steward know what level of hyperflexion is acceptable? There is a real<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">danger of confrontation if a steward attempts to reprimand a top professional rider<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">who probably knows considerably more about the training technique than the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">steward;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Why use hyperflexion at all? Flexion is what the judges want to see and it wins<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">medals;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Top riders have huge responsibilities. Inexperienced and unskilled young riders,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and particularly the young, must not be misled into attempting to emulate their<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">peers by undertaking training methods for which they are ill prepared;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">There are too many examples of aggressive riding which is not good for the image<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of the dressage, or other, disciplines;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Poll flexion can obstruct the airways;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Refer to “Basic Training” and not to “Classical Riding”<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3.3. Summary of Discussion<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The Rapporteurs summarised the discussion and Dr Higgins gave a PowerPoint<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">presentation listing the main points:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The interim definition proposed by the meeting needed further consideration.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The Dressage, Veterinary and Welfare Subcommittees should carefully assess<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the evidence and opinions presented at the Workshop and advise the FEI on<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the way forward and the actions, if any, which must be taken;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Hyperflexion is a welfare issue in the hands of the unskilled;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Clarification is required for the following:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">o </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">what is a “training tool”?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">o </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">what is understood as the proper application of hyperflexion as a training<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">tool?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>o </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">what evidence is needed for stewards to prevent abuse?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Research studies should be undertaken to increase our knowledge of the technique;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">these should include:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">o </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a scientific description of the site of flexion in the neck;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">o </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the effect of draw reins and similar artificial aids;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">o </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a clinical and scientific analysis of the impact of hyperflexion techniques on<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the competition horse.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1 2<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">4. Recommendations and Conclusions from the Workshop<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The Chairman concluded the Workshop by stating that valuable progress had been made<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">although there were still many open questions. He believed that the feeling of the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">meeting was that the Workshop had helped to clear the air and identify what now needed<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">to be done to improve knowledge of this issue in FEI sport. These included:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1. A form of words must be found to better describe "Rollkur" and "Rollkur-like"<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">techniques as tools in training.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2. The term "hyperflexion" with an appropriate working definition was considered as<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">an alternative to "Rollkur";<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3. Evidence was presented that indicated in experienced hands there was no<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">apparent abuse, improper welfare or clinical side effects associated from the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">use of hyperflexion. However, if not practiced correctly, there are serious<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">concerns for welfare and possible clinical injury that will affect a horse's wellbeing<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and performance.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">4. Horses must not be seen to be put under pressure. There must be a clear<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">understanding and proper application of such training tools;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">5. Evidence is required to brief FEI Stewards adequately so that they could take<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">action to prevent abuse in all disciplines. The emphasis must be on lightness and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">basic gaits;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">6. The Dressage Committee would clearly wish to consider carefully the findings from<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the Workshop with perhaps particular focus on stewarding and judging.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">7. The Veterinary and Welfare Subcommittee should identify what research was<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">required to confirm if there is a welfare issue involved in training using Rollkur and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Rollkur like techniques;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">8. A draft proposal would be presented to the Dressage Committee for consideration<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">prior to submission to the FEI.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The Chairman of the Dressage Committee thanked Professor Jeffcott, Dr. Higgins and Dr.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Sluyter as well as all contributors to the Workshop for tackling head-on such a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">controversial issue in equestrian sport. She said she was delighted at the openness of the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">discussion and although she realised there was still much to do she was confident that the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">discipline was on the right track.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor Jeffcott endorsed the words of the Chairman of the Dressage Committee, and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">thanked her personally for her leadership. He said he was deeply indebted to all the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">speakers for the time and effort they had put into preparing such high quality<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">presentations. The organisation of the Workshop had been arduous and exacting and he<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">paid tribute to the staff of the Veterinary and Dressage Departments of the FEI. He<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">particularly wished to thank the two Rapporteurs, Dr Andrew Higgins and Dr Alex Atock.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Finally, and most importantly, he thanked all those who had attended the meeting and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">contributed so positively to the discussion.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1 3<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">List of Appendices<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Appendix 1 </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- Preliminary Report of the Welfare Subcommittee on the use<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of “Rollkur” as a training method for Dressage horses to the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Veterinary Committee.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Appendix 2 </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- Workshop Programme on 31 January 2006<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Appendix 3 </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- Delegates in attendance at the Workshop<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Appendix 4 </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- Abstracts of the scientific presentations made at the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Workshop<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Appendix 5 </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- Comments received subsequent to the Workshop<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Appendix 6 </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- FEI Press Release issued by Muriel Faienza on 31 Jan'06<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1 4<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Appendix 1 - Preliminary Report of the Welfare Subcommittee on the use of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">"Rollkur" as a training method for Dressage horses to the Veterinary<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Committee.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Introduction<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The Chairman of the Dressage Committee has asked the Veterinary Committee for advice on the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">use of "Rollkur" or “Over Bending”, a practice that is used by some riders in the warm up just<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">before going into the arena. The exercise is said by proponents to ‘supple the horse’ and prepare it<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">for competition. The FEI has however received complaints suggesting that Rollkur is an ‘extreme<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">method of training’, may be ‘dangerous to the horse’ and is ‘not good welfare’. Rollkur has been<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">observed in dressage, eventing and show-jumping and has caused adverse media attention. As a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">result the Chairman of the Veterinary Committee asked the Welfare Sub-Committee (WSC) to<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">comment on the use of Rollkur with regards to possible concerns for the welfare of the horse. This<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">is a first, preliminary report.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The FEI Code of Conduct Article </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1(b)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">prohibits any training methods of horses which are <B>abusive<O:P></O:P></B></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">or cause fear </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">or for which they have not been properly prepared.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Definition<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Rollkur has been defined as </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a training method involving forced flexion of the poll and neck with the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">horse’s head pulled behind the vertical.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Background<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Rollkur is said to have been introduced by the French horseman François Baucher (1796-1873) but<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">some claim Baucher’s ‘suppling exercises’ were only intended to be used on the standing horse,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">not when in motion. Those who are opposed to the current use of Rollkur claim, </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">inter alia</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">, that it<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">‘stiffens the horse’, ‘causes excessive flexion’, and ‘induces discomfort to the animal’ while<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">providing the rider with ‘complete domination’ and control.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor Heinz Meyer (GER) drew attention to the technique in 1992 and has written extensively<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">on it (see, for example, Meyer, 1996). Rollkur and other training techniques have in recent years<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">been said to cause pathological problems in some horses. Articles have been published, for<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">example, on lameness in the dressage horse, influence of head posture on the respiratory tract of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">healthy horses, effect on vision and the consequence of equestrianism generally on horse welfare<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">(Harman et al., 1999; Kold and Dyson, 2003; McGreevy, 2004a,b; Petsche et al., 1995; Odberg<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and Bouisso, 1999; Racklyeft and Love, 1990).<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Although some critics have suggested that subsequent neck and back problems have developed as<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a result of frequent and sustained overflexion of the poll and neck, many top class dressage horses<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">that are known to be trained using Rollkur or Rollkur-like techniques have competed well into<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">relative old age suggesting that the use of such practices is not detrimental to performance. It<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">may be argued that a horse succeeding at top level would not perform well if it was in discomfort<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">or if its welfare was being seriously jeopardised by a particular technique or practice.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">As this (and other) training methods continue to be used by the top medal winning riders and their<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">trainers, the conclusion is inevitable that their use must help to produce a performance that the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">judges wish to see. This does not mean there are no welfare issue to be addressed, but it does<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">imply that an examination of training techniques in any horse sport or discipline should encompass<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">all levels of expertise </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">including riders, trainers, judges, regulators, and veterinarians.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Conclusions and Recommendations<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Extreme flexion of the poll and neck often <B>appears to induce discomfort </B>to a horse and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">apparently causes offence to a proportion of other riders and spectators at events. There is<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>The FEI Code of Conduct Article 1 (b) <I>“Training Methods”: </I>Horses <I>must only undergo training that matches their<O:P></O:P></I></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><I><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>physical capabilities and level of maturity for their respective disciplines. They must not be subjected to any training<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></I></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><I><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>methods which are abusive or cause fear or for which they have not been properly prepared.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></I></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1 5<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">therefore a <B>perceived welfare issue </B>for the horse, which the public may not continue to<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">tolerate.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">There appears to be little scientific evidence to show that the practice of Rollkur or Rollkur-like<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">techniques actually results in lasting damage to the horse. The WSC has not therefore been<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">able to reach a conclusive view as to whether Rollkur may be detrimental to <B>horse welfare</B>;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">however the WSC does believe that a potential welfare risk exists and must not be ignored.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Given the current lack of published scientific information, the WSC recommends that in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">accordance with </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The FEI Code of Conduct </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Article 1 (b) the Dressage and Veterinary<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Committees urgently and thoroughly review the effects, perceived or otherwise, of Rollkur or<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Rollkur-like training techniques on the musculo-skeletal and physiological systems of the horse.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">While the WSC considers that in <B>sound, experienced professional hands at a top-level<O:P></O:P></B></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">event </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Rollkur or Rollkur-like practices are unlikely to cause lasting harm to a horse, it may well<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">cause discomfort and apprehension, and could therefore be a welfare concern. Indicators of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">stress could be monitored in a scientific study to ascertain whether horses are compromised<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">when such techniques are in use.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The WSC does believe that there is a <B>serious risk that less-experienced riders </B>(including<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">minors) or trainers may imitate the techniques seen and attempt to develop similar training<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">methods at locations outside the FEI’s jurisdiction. The WSC believes that in such<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">circumstances <B>there may well be a serious welfare issue</B>.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">While fully appreciating that the practice of Rollkur or Rollkur-like techniques has many degrees<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of severity, the WSC recommends that, in parallel with the instigation of appropriate scientific<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">research and dialogue, the Dressage Committee should make every effort <B>to upgrade the<O:P></O:P></B></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">training of stewards </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">to supervise practice in the warm up arenas at events (including lower<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">grade events) to ensure that there is no evidence of perceived abuse; Any relevant official<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">research undertaken on behalf of the FEI should also include jumping and event horses.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The WSC recommends that the FEI should keep riders, trainers and the general public<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">informed of its concerns and of the action it is taking to assess any perceived negative effect of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the use of Rollkur.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">References<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>1. Harman, A.M., Moore, S., Hoskins, R., Keller, P. (1999). Horse vision and the explanation of visual<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>behaviour originally explained by the ramp retina. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Equine Veterinary Journal </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>31, 384-390.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>2. Kold, S.E. and Dyson, S.J. (2003). Lameness in the Dressage Horse. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Diagnosis and Management of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Lameness in the Horse</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>. Eds. Mike W. Ross and Sue J. Dyson. Saunders. pp 975-983.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>3. McGreevy, P. (2004a). Chapter 4, Learning. In: </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Equine Behavior, A Guide for Veterinarians and Equine<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Scientists</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>, Saunders. pp 85-118.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>4. McGreevy, P. (2004b) Chapter 13, Training. In: </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Equine Behavior, A Guide for Veterinarians and Equine<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Scientists</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>, Saunders. pp 291-311.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">5. Meyer, H. (1996). </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">Zum Zusammenhang von Halshaltung, Ruckentatigkeit und Bewegungsablauf beim<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>Pferd. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">Pferdeheilkunde </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>12, 807-822<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">6. Petsche, V.M., Derksen, F.J., Berney, C.E., Robinson, N.E. (1995). </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Effect of head position on upper<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>airway function in exercising horses. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Equine Veterinary Journal </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Suppl 18,18-22.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>7. Odberg, F.O. and Bouisso, M-F. (1999). The development of equestrianism from the baroque to the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>present day and its consequence for the welfare of horses. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Equine Veterinary Journal </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Suppl. 28, 26-30.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>8. Racklyeft, D.J. and Love, D.N. (1990). Influence of head posture on the respiratory tract of healthy<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>horses. </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Australian Veterinary Journal</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>. 67, 402-405.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1 6<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Appendix 2 - Workshop Programme on 31 January 2006<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>Time Presentation/Refreshments Speaker<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>11h00 – 11h10 Welcome & Introduction Prof. Leo Jeffcott </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">(Chairman<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">Vet Committee & Convenor)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>11h10 – 11h25 Rollkur - an introduction from the welfare<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>perspective<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>Dr Andrew Higgins </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">(Chairman,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">Welfare Subcommittee)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>11h25 – 11h40 Equitation and learning theory - positive and<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>negative reinforcement<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>Dr Andrew McLean, Dr Paul<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>McGreevy & Prof.Leo Jeffcott<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">(Australia)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>11h40 – 12h00 The trainer's view on over bending (Rollkur) as a<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>training aid for dressage competition<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>Mr. Sjef Janssen<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">(Netherlands)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>12h00 – 13h00 <B>Buffet Lunch </B>All delegates<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>13h00 – 13h20 Functional anatomy in the horse as it relates to<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>over-bending (Rollkur)<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>Dr Gerd Heuschmann<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">(Germany)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>13h20 – 13h40 Radiological aspects of the cervical region in<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>relation to over bending (Rollkur)<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>Dr. Emile Welling </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">(Vet<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">Committee)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>13h40 – 14h00 Schooling principles and welfare - the situation of<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>Rollkur in this context<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>Prof. Frank Ödberg </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">(Belgium)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>14h00 – 14h20 Discussion Session All delegates<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>14h20 – 14h40 <B>Coffee break<O:P></O:P></B></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>14h40 – 15h00 Functional anatomy and diagnostic imaging of the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>cervical spine<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>Prof.Jean-Marie Denoix<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">(Alfort, France)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>15h00 – 15h30 The effect of different head and neck positions on<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>the thoracolumbar kinematics in the unridden<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>horse<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>Prof. Rene van Weeren<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">(Utrecht, Netherlands), Profs<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">Heinz Meyer (Germany), Mike<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">Weishaupt (Zurich, Switzerland),<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">Lars Roepstorf & Chris Johnston<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">(Uppsala, Sweden)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>15h30 – 15h50 Exercise physiological aspects of over bending<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>(Rollkur)<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>Prof. Eric van Breda<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">(Maastricht, Netherlands)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>15h50 – 16h10 Research techniques for studying over bending<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>(Rollkur)<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>Prof. Hilary Clayton </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">(Michigan,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana">USA)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>16h10 – 18h00 General Discussion and plan for preparation of the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>report to the FEI.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana"><FONT size=2>All delegates<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1 7<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Appendix 3 - Delegates in attendance at the Workshop<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Delegates and Speakers:<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Name Designation Address<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Allen, Kent MAG 2716 Landmark School Rd, The Plains, 20198 VA, USA<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Atock, Alex WSC & Rapporteur<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Round Oak Cottage, Bridstow, Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire HR9<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>6QJ, UK<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Carew, Lord Patrick WSC The Garden House, Donadea, Naas, Co Kildare, Ireland<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Clarke, Stephen<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Dressage<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Committee<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Mill Bank Farm, Mill Lane, Somerford Booths, Congleton, CW 12<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>2JS Cheshire, UK<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Clayton, Hilary Speaker<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Mary Anne McPhail Dressage Chair in Equine Sports Medicine<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Large Animal Clinical, Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 48824-1314, USA<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Davison, Richard IRDC Combridge Far, Combridge, Uttoxeter, ST 5BL Staffordshire, UK<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Denoix, Jean-Marie Speaker<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>U.P. Clinique Equine (DEPEC), UMR INRA "Biomécanique et Patholog<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Locomotrice du Cheval", Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, 7,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Duee, Michael WSC<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>C/o Deutsche Reiterliche Vereinigung, Freiherr-von-Langen Strasse<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>13, PO Box 110265, 48231 Warendorf, Germany<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Farrington, Paul Vet Committee<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>The Coach House Vets, Burlyns Coach House, Ball Hill, Newbury,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>RG20 0NU Berks, UK<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Heuschmann, Gerd Speaker Velsen 29, 48231 Warendorf, Germany<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Hinnemann, Johann x Harmmweg 34, 46 Voerde, Germany<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Higgins, Andrew WSC & Rapporteur PO Box 274, Nowton, Bury St Edmunds, IP29 5NB Suffolk, UK<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Hunt, David IDTC<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>IDTC International Dressage Trainers Club, Uplands Studs, Brook,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>Godalming, GU78 5LA Surrey, UK<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>Janssen, Sjef Speaker Bolst 13, 5469 SC ERP, Netherlands<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Jeffcott, Leo<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Convenor & Vet<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Committee<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, J.D.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Stewart Building B01, 2006 Sydney NSW, Australia<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Johnston, Chris Speaker<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agriculture,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Box 7011, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>McEwen, John WSC<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Cross Country Equine Clinic, Devauden, Chepstow, NP16 6NN<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Monmouthshire, UK<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>McLean, Andrew Speaker<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Australian Equine Behaviour Centre, 730 Clonbinane Road,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>Broadford VIC 3658, Australia<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>Meyer, Heinz Speaker Am Wisselsbach 22, D-52146 Würselen, Germany<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Nichols ,Nigel Vet Committee NSW, Australia<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Ödberg, Frank Speaker<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dpt. Of animal<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>nutrition, genetics, breeding and ethology, Heidestraat 19, 9820<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Merelbeke, Belgium<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Otto-Crepin, Margit IRDC President Elbchaussee 430, 22609 Hamburg, Germany<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>Pochhammer,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>Gabriele Journalist St.Georg, Westerthal, 24340 Windeby, Germany<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Rathore, Seamour Journalist<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Horse & Hound, IPC Media Ltd, Kings Reach Tower, Stamford<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Street, London SE1 9LS, UK<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Roepstorff, Lars Speaker Vänsta 11, 73040 Kolbäck, Sweden<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Salinas, Sergio Vet Committee<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Av. Amapolas 170, Rancho Contento, 45010 Jalisco Guadalajara,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>Mexico<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>Schuele, Dieter IDJC Steinersdorf 7, 91522 Ansbach, Germany<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1 8<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Snyder, Jack Vet Comittee 8140 Olive School LN, Winters, 95694 CA, USA<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Truppa, Vincenzo Dressage Committee Piazza Buonarroti 32 , 20145 Milano, Italy<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Tyler, Tony WSC Anne Colvin House, Snetterton, Norfolk NR16 2LR, UK<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>van Andel, Claartje Journalist Dressage Direct, The Netherlands<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>van Breda, Eric Speaker Bergstraat 6, 6174 RS Sweikhuizen, Netherlands<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>van Daele, Jacques<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>Steward Gen.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>Dressage Rue Philippe Baucqstraat 89, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgium<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>van Weeren, René Speaker<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>Utrecht University, Yalelaan 16, 3584 CM Utrecht, Netherlands<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Weishaupt, Mike Speaker<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Equine Hospital , VetSuisse Faculty, University of Zurîch,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Winterthurstrasse 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Welling, Emilie<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Speaker & Vet<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Committee Franse Pad 5, 1261 JC Blaricum, Netherlands<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Withages, Mariette<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Chairman,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Dressage Committee Kanaallei 45 , 2900 Schoten, Belgium<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Young, Pamela Journalist<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Horse International , 15 Thames Avenue, Pangbourne, Reading,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>RG8 7BY Berkshire, UK<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>FEI Staff:<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Falciola, Jean-<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Claude Secretary General<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Stone, Michael Sports Director<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Sluyter, Frits Manager of the Veterinary Department<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Julen, Christine Veterinary Department<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Dominique Rochat Veterinary Department<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Salomon, Eva Manager of the Dressage, Reining, Vaulting and Pony Riders Department<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Milne, Anna Dressage, Reining, Vaulting and Pony Riders Department<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Norinder, Catrin Manager of the Eventing & Olympic Department<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Roche, John Manager of the Jumping Department<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Faienza, Muriel Manager of the Communications Department<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">[ Key to abbreviations - IRDC= International Riders Dressage Club; IDTC= International<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dressage Trainers Club; IDJC= International Dressage Judges Club; MAG= Medication<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Advisory Group; WSC= Welfare Subcommittee.]<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1 9<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Appendix 4 - Abstracts of the scientific presentations made at the Workshop<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">ROLLKUR – AN INTRODUCTION FROM THE WELFARE PERSPECTIVE<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dr Andrew Higgins<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Chair, FEI Welfare Sub-Committee,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><ajhvet@globalnet.co.uk><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The Welfare Sub-Committee (WSC) was established by the FEI in 2004 to promote the health and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">welfare of sport horses competing in FEI disciplines, and reports to the Veterinary and Ethics<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Committees. In June 2005, the Sub-Committee was asked by the Chair of the Veterinary Committee<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">to examine possible welfare implications of Rollkur (‘or over-bending’) or Rollkur-like techniques.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The FEI Code of Conduct requires all involved with international equestrian sport to ensure that at<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">all times the welfare of the horse remains paramount, and prohibits any training methods which are<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">abusive or cause fear or for which the horse has not been properly trained. Having sought advice<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and reviewed some of the available evidence, the WSC offers the following preliminary findings,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">which will be subject to revision as further information comes to light:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1. There is (at least) a perceived welfare issue to be addressed.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2. Although there appears to be a lack of reliable scientific or veterinary evidence<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">available that the technique causes lasting damage to a horse, there should be<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a thorough review of any effects the technique may have on the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">musculoskeletal, psychological and physiological systems.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3. It seems to us that there is a serious welfare risk that less experienced riders,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">often at locations outside the FEI’s jurisdiction, may imitate more skilful riders in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">attempting to use the technique.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">4. Within the FEI’s jurisdiction, e.g. in warm up areas, the FEI through the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dressage Committee and others should seek to supervise the use of the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">technique, probably by upgrading the training of stewards.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">5. The FEI should keep riders, trainers and the general public informed of its<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">concerns, and of the actions it is taking to assess any demonstrated welfare<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">issues, and to address abuses.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">EQUITATION AND LEARNING THEORY - POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">REINFORCEMENT<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dr Andrew McLean, Dr Paul McGreevy* & Prof Leo Jeffcott*,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Australian Equine Behaviour Centre, 730 Clonbinane Road, Broadford, VIC 3658,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">& *Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><andrewmclean@aebc.com.au>,<paulm@vetsci.usyd.edu.au>, <leoj@vetsci.usyd.edu.au><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Rollkur can be defined as a technique of working/training a horse to produce a degree of cervical<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">flexion that cannot be self-maintained by the horse for any length of time. It highlights of some of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the current debates surrounding the preparation of horses for modern dressage such as the notion<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of “contact”. It is recognised throughout the English-speaking horse world as 'over-bending'.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Learning allows animals to use information about the world to tailor their responses to<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">environmental change. Training draws out desirable and suppresses undesirable innate behaviours<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">to institute novel responses. There are two major categories of learning: non-associative<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">(involving a single stimulus) habituation and sensitisation; and associative (involving a relationship<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">between at least two stimuli becomes established) classical (Pavlovian) conditioning and operant<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">(instrumental) conditioning. Examples of classical conditioning include stallions producing courtship<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">behaviours in association with the breeding barn alone.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Operant conditioning is used in most training systems. It relies on reinforcement and punishment.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Reinforcement makes responses more likely in the future; punishment makes them less likely. In<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">an example of operant conditioning, the animal receives a cue (command, trigger, signal or aid),<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">performs a response and gets a reward (primary reinforcer). Primary reinforcers are any resources<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2 0<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">that animals have evolved to seek e.g., food, comfort, water, sex, play, liberty, sanctuary and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">companionship.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Positive reinforcement involves the </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">addition </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of a primary reinforcer. Positive reinforcement alone<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">does not lend itself to safe equitation, effective ridden training or prolonged maintenance of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">extreme postures. Negative reinforcement includes the word negative only because it involves the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">removal </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of an influence. It is not a “bad” modality </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">per se</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">. The removal of pressure is the reward<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">(reinforcement). Educated horses show association of negatively reinforced responses with light<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">tactile signals e.g., minimal rein tension. So, after foundation training (breaking-in) horse-training<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">involves combinations of operant conditioning and classical conditioning.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Negative reinforcement underpins all equitation. It relies on the immediate release of pressure as<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">an instantaneous reward and, in the best cases, is very subtle. Failure to release pressure can<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">cause conflict and learned helplessness. Confusion and conflict have behavioural and physiological<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">manifestations that shorten the horse’s working life.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Over-bending as a learned response may be as acceptable as other forms of negatively reinforced<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">postural responses, such as lateral bending. However, cervical flexion as a result of sustained bit<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">pressure has a lot more to do with compliance and pain avoidance than suppleness. Therefore,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">some forms of Rollkur may be extreme, dangerous and capable of compromising welfare. It may<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">be dangerous for riders since it can "deaden the brakes" and that can lead to bolting as a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">manifestation of habituation, and other unwelcome behaviours. It can compromise welfare since<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">horses can learn that there is nothing they can do to remove the pressure. If the horse’s head is<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">on its chest it has nowhere else to go and may be in a state of "learned helplessness".<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The immediate incorporation of transient tests for self-carriage in all gaits and movements and at<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">all levels would effectively reward riders who apply learning theory correctly. Additionally, research<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">can remove emotiveness from the Rollkur debate by establishing, for the range of equine athletes,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">how much contact is neutral; how much rein tension is too much; how can contact be measured;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">how can discomfort be measured; how can pain be measured and how learned helplessness<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">manifests in horses?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">THE TRAINER'S VIEW ON OVER-BENDING (ROLLKUR) AS A TRAINING AID FOR<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">DRESSAGE COMPETITION<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Sjef Janssen, Tack Factory,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Bolst 13, 5469 SC,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Erp, The Netherlands<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><sjef@tackfactory.nl><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">I have been invited to speak about our technique of training horses for dressage. This will best be<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">achieved by explaining the basic philosophy which underlies it and then illustrating the theory with<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a series of appropriate pictures.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">One of the crucial issues to consider in the talk will be the method of round/deep training that is<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">just one of the many tools we use in our system of successful training. It is this message I<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">particularly want to get across to the group.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY IN THE HORSE AS IT RELATES TO OVER BENDING<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">(ROLLKUR)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">Dr Gerd Heuschmann, Tierärztiliche Praxis fűr Pferde,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Velsen 77, 48231 Warendorf, Germany.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><gerdheuschmann@hotmail.com><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">In my presentation I would like to explain how "Classical Dressage" schooling for young horses is<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">necessary for correct performance in the future. The classical system is not only intended for<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">dressage horses, but for jumpers and eventers and other disciplines as well.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2 1<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The horse's anatomy must be considered in its training from the ground work up. This is achieved<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">by a systematic and well planned programme. The goal is to nurture a relaxed skeletal muscle<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">system and a well developed "long back muscle" which runs horizontally and functions as a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">stabiliser. For optimum movement in training this must be considered to be a very important<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">muscle. Tension is the enemy of positive training.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Throughout training, each muscle must have a chance to relax after it is "charged" and this is<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">specific to the back muscles. The goal here is to minimise tension. A horse that is developed by<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">way of tension will never be truly "through", and certainly not "happy" or "healthy".<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Young horses should always be ridden with a forward and downward neck. Only a free swinging<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">back muscle allows the rider to sit with the movement and "in" the horse. This effect should be<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">true in all three gaits. The neck position allows development of the top line muscles in the neck<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">area which later on produces relative raising of the forehand.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">AS a result of "modern training" or "self training" one can surely recognise and distinguish the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">difference between "classical training" and the others. This is shown in the three gaits, the walk,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the trot and the canter. Walk mostly is close to parallel and stiff, trot exaggerated and often<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">wrong in footfall and canter in the worst cases uses a four beat. Also many Grand Prix horses<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">show piaffe without collection (i.e. flexion of the haunches), all of which are the result of wrong<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">training in the young horse.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">In my opinion, the first two years are the most important for development of the horse's body and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">muscle structure. Only if the horse has been given this time it may go on to be a good sport<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">horse.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">In today's "arenas" instead of demonstrating correctness in the basic gaits, some are more<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">interested in the show effect and "wowing" the crowd.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">My biggest concern though is for the horse's welfare and wellbeing. This was the basic goal of the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">traditional philosophy. Horses trained for the "show effect" lack, both mentally and physically, the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">strength and endurance and are the horses that crowding the horse clinics all over the world.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">My final comment is that a tense athlete is not a happy athlete!!<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">RADIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE CERVICAL REGION IN RELATION TO OVERBENDING<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">(ROLLKUR)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dr Emile K Welling, The Netherlands<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><ekwelling@planet.nl><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The basic premise for this presentation is - </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">do certain training methods (e.g. hyperflexion or over<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">bending) cause more damage than other methods, especially in relation to the cervical region?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Pain in the cervical region is not as common as back pain or pain in the limbs. Horses with clinical<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and radiological discomfort in the neck suffer mainly from spondylosis, arthropathy and vertebral<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">stenosis. Another common radiological finding is calcification and new bone formation (exostosis)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">at the attachment of the ligamentum nuchae to the nuchal crest of the occipital bone.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Weiler (Berlin 2000) looked at 60 fresh dissections of this attachment and in 80% of the cases he<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">found the presence of abnormal calcification and exostosis. This is curious because of the great<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">diversity of the horses in his study.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Radiological evaluation of the cervical region of different types of horses, with different training<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">methods, sport horses and pleasure horses shows us a great variation of radiological abnormalities.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Radiological examination of two top Grand Prix dressage horses which have been trained for many<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">years with a special system, deep and round (i.e. hyperflexed, Rollkur), will hopefully contribute to<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a better understanding of special training methods. Are these methods dangerous for the physical<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">status and/or the welfare of the horse?<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2 2<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">SCHOOLING PRINCIPLES AND WELFARE - THE SITUATION OF ROLLKUR IN<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">THIS CONTEXT.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Professor Frank Ödberg,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Dept of Animal Nutrition, Genetics, Breeding & Ethology,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><frank.odberg@Ugent.be><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>It would be an error to focus only on the technique of Rollkur. It must be seen within a more general<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>philosophy of schooling that is probably deleterious to the horse’s welfare. The key questions are:<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>1. Does Rollkur always decrease welfare, whichever way it is carried out? (i.e. is Rollkur an inherent<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>part of a schooling philosophy that uses coercion as a rule? Or can it be applied in an animalfriendly<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>way as a gymnastic exercise, provided knowledgeable people perform it?).<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>2. If Rollkur does not decrease welfare in the latter case, is its purpose useful, a redundant practice, or<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>counter-productive in equestrianism?<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>This presentation starts with some general comments on horse welfare followed by a short historical survey<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>of the evolution of riding principles which ends with a criticism of the predominant way of schooling<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>nowadays. Rollkur is situated within that context. Suggestions about the way forward and the role of<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>science close the arguments.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">An underestimated welfare problem<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Although the welfare of animals used for sport has long been recognised as part of applied ethology<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>(Ödberg, 1976), scientists have focused their interest on farm animals. Some of them, as well as some<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>animal protection societies, did express concern about the fate of horses (Ewbank, 1985; Gerber, 1984;<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Hopes, 1984; Lawrence, 1996; Ödberg, 1987). Control of welfare at the physical level was improved by the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>FEI (Atock and Williams, 1995). The problem is that if the interpretation of some types of abuse (such as<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>beating, soring the legs, exhaustion, incompetent poling) is straightforward, other practices need more<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>objective evidence in order to be considered as unethical. This is the case with behavioural problems.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Inappropriate schooling and riding is probably a frequent and underestimated source of decreased welfare,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>but it will be difficult to convince riders because personal pride is involved. There is a need for scientific<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>information in this context. The very first steps in that direction have recently been dealt with during the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>First International Equitation Science Symposium in Melbourne (2005). Such data are important, on the one<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>hand in order to evaluate some practices more objectively (i.e. is there a true welfare problem?), and on the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>other hand, whenever a problem is detected, in order to convince some members of a very traditional world<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>to adapt certain practices.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The development of schooling techniques<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>A short illustrated survey will be given of the history of equestrianism and its implications for welfare.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>According to available historical documents, and as far as we can interpret such texts correctly, there has<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>not been a clear progressive linear evolution from antiquity to modern times concerning schooling<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>competence and gentleness. Each period saw probably gentle and violent people (e.g. Xenophon appears<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>very knowledgeable in understanding horse behaviour and often insists on gentleness, giving concrete<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>advice, while some Greek artefacts show some violent riders). Drawings and the few writings available from<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>the Middle Ages and the renaissance suggest rather forceful techniques. Even if some authors (e.g. Grisone)<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>mention horses should be treated with kindness, their methods elicit quite a bit of scepticism. One can<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>however identify a gradual improvement in schooling refinement from the end of the renaissance (e.g.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Newcastle, Pluvinel) up to the baroque period. The latter and its plethora of masters represent probably the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>acme of riding. A functional technique became an art in itself. Camera’s had not been invented yet, but<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>when scholars of these master’s writings endeavour to apply their methods, results are often superb. The<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">th </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>century represents a struggle with new challenges. While some masters kept the baroque tradition<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>alive, others experimented with new methods that influenced riding practices in the 20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">th </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>century. A very<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>representative example is François Baucher (his first method will be relevant for the appraisal of R). There<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>are at least three reasons for those changes: an interruption of tradition due to the closing of academies by<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>the French revolution, the development of the fashion of racing and foxhunting and the concomitant change<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>in favoured breeds, the development of competition in the 20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">th </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>century (Ödberg and Bouissou, 1999). If<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>new methods can in principle be acceptable from the point of view of welfare if applied by tactful people,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>they can be deleterious in the hands of the average rider. A consequence is that the modern way of<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>schooling is often quite coercive as compared to the baroque philosophy and lacks lightness and self</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>carriage (see e.g. de Bragance, 1976; Henriquet and Durand, 1996; Loch, 1994; Racinet, 1999). It might<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>contribute to the high percentage of horses being slaughtered at a young age, such as in Germany (von<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Butler and Armbruster, 1984), France (Ödberg and Bouissou, 1999), or at least before reaching the “old<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>age” of 20+ in Sweden (Wallin et al., 2000).<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Most people agree that an increasing degree of collection should be obtained progressively through circles,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>shoulder-in and gait variations. A concomitant aspect is the horse showing poll-flexion. However, this all<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>should happen in an as unconstrained way as possible. The horse should react to as discrete as possible<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>aids and this rests on elementary learning principles (McGreevy and McLean, 2005; Waran et al., 2002). To<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>begin with, the stimulus must be clear and well identifiable. This requires what is called in equestrian terms<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>“the independence of aids”. When the right response is given to a clear stimulus an agreeable feeling (or<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>the absence of a disagreeable one) should follow or at least surely not the presence of a disagreeable one.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>That means that the stimulus should not be repeated because it will induce both habituation (i.e. less<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>sensitivity) and the animal will think it did not give the right response and be confused, which in turn can<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>lead to emotional responses that interfere with learning. This is simply what is meant in the French<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>terminology by “descente de mains, descente de jambes” (and some will add “descente d’assiette”): once<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>the horse is at the requested rhythm or in the desired attitude, refrain from doing anything, don’t interfere<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>and let him go by himself. Besides this, the discreteness of the aid is obtained by a gradual decrease of its<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>strength in function of the increasing sensitivity of the horse. Unfortunately, all too often riders keep<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>repeating aids at the same strength when the horse is responding correctly, which induces a vicious circle<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>towards coercion. Furthermore, the horse should not only understand the right stimulus-response<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>association, it should physically be able to show the response without pain or strain (i.e. it should be supple<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>enough). As often people do not take time to make their horse supple, the disagreeable experience after<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>the stimulus renders the animal tense which induces a vicious circle towards stiffness and less elegance.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>The tendency to work with a hard contact with the mouth is an illustration of what is described above.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>There are even instructors who require the horse to lean hard on the hand (the “5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 6.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">th </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>leg”) which has the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>additional disadvantage to hamper the horse from finding and working with its own equilibrium and to<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>increase the chances that the horse falls on its forehand instead of showing more collection. The ideal of<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>riding “with the weight of the reins” does not mean a loss of contact, which is demonstrated when the horse<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>shoots forward at the slightest request of the seat.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>A hard hand contact implies more problems. It represents another inconsistency with learning principles (i.e.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>that stimuli must be unequivocal and not contradictory). Stress occurs when two contradictory stimuli are<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>given simultaneously or when the same response is sometimes punished and sometimes rewarded (=<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>operant conditioning). Also when there is no clear difference any more between one conditioned stimulus<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>(e.g. a circle) that was originally followed by something agreeable (food) and another one (ellipse) that was<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>followed by something disagreeable (electric shock) (= Pavlovian conditioning). Experimental neuroses are<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>produced when the conditioned stimulus becomes equivocal (e.g. half-way between the circle and ellipse).<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>The horse learns first that a pressure in the mouth means “stop” or “slow”. When later the animal is being<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>ridden with a hard hand it gets the signal “slow” simultaneously with the aids for “go”. One consequence is<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>that the rider will have to compensate by giving repeatedly harder leg aids, rendering the development of<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>discrete aids impossible. This can also lead to experimental neuroses. Depending from their individual<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>predispositions (there are “active” and “passive” ways of coping with stress), some horses will show evasive<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>behaviours and signs of frustration (the so-called “resistances”, such as headshaking, ears back, tail<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>swishing), go even berserk (bucking, rearing, bolting) and/or become aggressive, while some will fall in<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>passive learned helplessness. Needless to say the progression towards the ideal of lightness is impossible<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>when riding in such a way. Lightness is being defined as the unconstrained use of only those muscles<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>necessary for a given movement.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Poll-flexion requires some specific comments in connection with the above paragraph. Ideally speaking, if<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>lightness is implemented for the start, it should be a concomitant phenomenon occurring naturally with<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>increasing suppleness and collection. However, due to various reasons (conformation, misunderstanding)<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>this is not always the case, and a horse should not work with a higher placed neck without showing pollflexion<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>as this will result in a hollow back and no collection as is too often seen in the average rider or in<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>jumping competitions (“star-gazers”) (NB: Western riding horses can collect well without poll-flexion but<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>they keep the neck low). Therefore, drawing reins can eventually be used in order that the horse<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>understands what is required. However, such methods should be used very knowledgeably and for a limited<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>time during schooling progression while keeping lightness in mind. Many riders nowadays use them as a<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>rule and keep using them. When the drawing reins are not in use, they maintain their horse in poll-flexion<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>by pulling the reins. A horse schooled with a constant respect for suppleness and lightness gives on the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>contrary the feeling of taking that position by itself when reacting to the seat aids because the contact<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>consists of the weight of the reins.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2 4<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>For the sake of more complete information, it should be mentioned that Cook (2000, 2002) argues that pollflexion<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>always induced hypoxia (without nuances concerning the way it is obtained). The presence of a bit<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>worsens it through increased salivation. This is in contradiction with the traditional view that salivation is a<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>welcome sign of relaxation. However, the snag is that this author has not presented scientific data to<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>support his hypothesis up to now. Experiments on this problem have started in Ghent (Behaeghel, 2003)<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>and are underway.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Application of these considerations to Rollkur<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>In human gymnastics one can develop the body more globally by playing various, preferably<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>complementary, sports. There was a period where Swedish gymnastics dominated. Its philosophy was that<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>particular groups of muscles had to be developed separately by means of specific exercises. The traditional<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>way of making horses supple has been through “global” exercising. During the first phase of his<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>investigations, Baucher, developed specific methods for exercising particular parts of the horse (e.g. the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>lower jaw, the neck longitudinally, the neck sideward, combinations) with one or two reins, with various<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>height positions etc. According to the iconography he apparently positioned his horses quite far (e.g. the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>neck is very strongly bent while positioned upward). The main flexion, however, is at the level of the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>axis/atlas.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>That master developed various techniques that gave good results as long as they were used by himself and<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>by the most tactful of his pupils (e.g. the famous “effet d’ensemble”, his concept of “attaques de l’éperon”).<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Used by the average rider it resulted in equestrian disasters and animal suffering. The expression of one of<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>his pupils became a legend: “</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">It’s extraordinary, it’s admirable! But it’s a razor blade in the hand of a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">monkey!</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>” (Baucher, 1859).<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Similarly, one can imagine that Rollkur can be applied in a tactful way, like Baucher’s exercises holding the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>reins between two fingers, which would demonstrate that suppleness was obtained gradually. The most<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>obvious difference lies in the position of the neck that is bent downwards. The question is then to what<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>extent is it useful? Does it really add something more to the “global” way of exercising? As a rider with<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>affection for the baroque philosophy, I am rather sceptical. Horses schooled with the required progression<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>simply do not need any particular exercise of the neck. Furthermore, wouldn’t it put more weight on the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>forehand, especially with modern breeds already showing that handicap? Maybe specialists in equine<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>exercise physiology can contribute to solving those questions and one must remain open to new data. The<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>most important from the point of view of ethics, is that </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a priori </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>provided Rollkur is performed within<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>lightness, no decreased welfare should be suspected </FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">in se. </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>However, what is extremely disturbing when<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>examining the pictures takes from various members of the Dutch team is that the horses are brought into<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>that position by force. One notices a high tension, not only on the snaffle rein, but also on the curb (while a<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>curb should only have a relaxing function and never one of force). The effect of that tension on the seat of<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>the rider can even be observed, which suggests a matter of kilograms while one should work with grams.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>One is confronted here with the more general problem of modern coercive way of riding that is in complete<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>contradiction with academic principles. As mentioned in the introduction, measures should be taken, not<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>against Rollkur as such, but in order to protect the horses from a violent way of riding and lack of lightness.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>That implies a fundamental change in the mentality and training of modern dressage judges and riding<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>instructors. This should be extended to jumping judges who should be trained to evaluate adequately the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>quality of riding and be empowered to sanction riders not only when they overtly beat their horse, but also<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>when they ride in a brutal way. It is always wiser to wipe one’s own doorstep before other people do so.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>The FEI should avoid potential future campaigns by some animal rights organisations. Experience shows<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>that when it gets so far, extremists are more heard and have more influence than knowledgeable experts.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Evaluating scientifically the gentleness of schooling<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Honesty compels to admit that the statement that coercive riding is deleterious to welfare rests on<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>extrapolations from our knowledge about learning theory and behavioural responses in stress situations and<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>on intuition. This hypothesis should be tested scientifically through direct observations and measurements.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>How can one adapt the already widely used welfare parameters to riding? One could compare baseline<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>values of horses schooled according to various schooling techniques after months of procedure. However,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>one is then confronted with the problem of adaptation. Could one use anticipation or a challenge? (e.g. by<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>comparing stress parameters between horses schooled differently, when they see the rider approaching<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>with the saddle). One could on the contrary focus on short time scale events (e.g. how does heart rate<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>change each time the spur is used repetitively as compared to one brief attack that results in the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>subsequent obedience to a few grams of the calf?). Do some parameters correlate with behaviours<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>colloquially called “resistances”? There is a need to determine lightness more objectively. This can be<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>expressed through a low tension on the bit through the reins. Various authors have developed more<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>recently electronic devises that measure tension telemetrically (Clayton et al., 2003; de Cartier d’Yves and<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">2 5<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Ödberg, 2005; Preuschoft at al., 1999; Warren-Smith et al., 2005). </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Some used them to seek correlations<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>with other parameters such as heart rate and behaviour during a standard dressage test with horses from<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>different schooling levels (de Cartier d’Yves and Ödberg, 2005) while others measured the severity of<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>various gears (Preuschoft et al., 1999).<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>References<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Atock MA and Williams RR. 1995. Welfare of competition horses. In : The Thinking Horse. Equine Research<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Centre Seminar Series, Guelph ; 51-65.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Baucher F. 1859. Oeuvres Complètes. </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">Chez l’auteur, Dumaine et Dentu, Paris, 744 pp.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=2><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Behaeghel I. 2003. Kan het bijbrengen van paarden hypoxie veroorzaken ? </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Unpublished undergraduate<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>thesis, Ghent University.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Clayton HM, Singleton WH, Lanovaz JL and Cloud GL. 2003. Measurement of rein tension during horseback<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">riding using strain gage transducers. </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">Experimental Techniques, 27; 34-36.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>Cook WR. 2000. Störungen der Atemwegsfunktion und andere durch das Gebiss verursachte Probleme des<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">Pferdes – Ein Einsatz zur Problemlösung. </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Pferdeheilkunde, 16 ; 333-351.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Cook WR. 2002. Bit-induced asphyxia in the horse. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 22 ; 7-14.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>de Bragance D. 1976. 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The development of equestrianism from the baroque period to the<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">present day and its consequences for the welfare of horses. </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement, 28; 26-<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>30.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>Preuschoft H, Witte H, Recknagel S, Bär H, Lesch C and Wüthrich M. 1999. Über die Wirkung gebrauchlicher<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>Zäumungen auf das Pferd. Deutsche Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 106; 169-175.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Proceedings of the First International Equitation Science Symposium, Melbourne. Proc. N° 360. 2005. The<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>University of Sydney. 114 pp.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Racinet JC. 1999. L’Equitation de Légèreté. PSR, La Roche-Rigault, 350 pp.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">von Butler I and Armbruster B. 1984. </SPAN><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">Struktur und Abgangsursachen bei Schlachtpferden. Deutsche<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE"><FONT size=2>Tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 91; 330-331.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=DE style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">Wallin L, Strandberg E, Philipsson J and Dalin G. 2000. </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Estimates of longevity and causes of culling and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>death in Swedish warmblood and coldblood horses. Livestock Production Science, 63; 275-289.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Waran N, McGreevy P and Casey RA. 2002. Training methods and horse welfare. In: Waran N (Ed.). The<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><FONT size=2>Welfare of Horses. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht; 151-180.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2 6<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY AND DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING OF THE CERVICAL SPINE<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Denoix J-M, DVM, PhD, agrégé<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">CIRALE - ENVA, Goustranville,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">14 430 Dozulé, France.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=DE style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: DE">E-mail : jmdenoix@vet-alfort.fr<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Introduction<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The neck is an essential part of the horse's locomotor system. Movements of the neck are required<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">for the longitudinal and lateral balance as well as impulsion and deceleration. Lesions of the cervical<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">spine can be responsible for neck pain, neck stiffness, poor performance, forelimb lameness and, in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">some cases, can induce neurological manifestations.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1. Functional anatomy of the cervical spine<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The cervical intervertebral joints present a thick disk and flat articular processes allowing wider<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">intervertebral mobility than in the thoracolumbar spine. As the centre of rotation is located within the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">vertebral head, during flexion, there is a dorsal sliding of the vertebral head, opening of the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">intervertebral foramina and widening between the articular processes. During extension there is a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">dorsal displacement of the vertebral fossa, narrowing of the intervertebral foramina and increased<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">pressure between the articular processes.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Flexion of the cervical spine induces tension of the nuchal ligament and elongation of the dorsal<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">cervical muscles. Maximum tension is observed in the nuchal ligament (especially the funicular, dorsal<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">part) when lowering of the neck is associated with flexion of the head. Because of the tension applied<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">by the nuchal ligament over the top of the spinous processes of the withers, flexion of the neck is<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">accompanied by flexion of the thoracic spine. Extension of the neck induces relaxation of the nuchal<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">ligament as well as supraspinous ligament in the thoracic area.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Lateroflexion is a wide movement in the cervical spine. Between C3 and T1, lateroflexion on one side<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">is associated to rotation on the opposite side. In the nuchal area, lateroflexion on one side is<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">associated to rotation on the same side.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2. Diagnostic imaging of cervical lesions<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Our routine imaging approach to problems arising from cervical spine consists of the combination of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">plain radiography and ultrasonography.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">a) Radiography<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Radiography remains the basic imaging technique for the evaluation of the cervical spine. Our routine<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">approach consists in taking 3 laterolateral projections including: the cranial part from the external<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">occipital tuberosity to the third cervical vertebra (C3); the intermediate part from C3 to C6, and the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">caudal part from C5 to the first thoracic vertebra (T1). For each projection, it is crucial to make good<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">superimposition of the left and right sides of the vertebra. Any rotation or craniocaudal oblique<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">projection alters the evaluation of the size and shape of the articular processes and vertebral canal.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The caudal projection (C5-T1) must be exposed enough to allow visualisation of the last cervical disc<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">(between C7 and T1).<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Oblique dorsolateral-ventrolateral projections </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">are useful to avoid superimposition of the left<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">and right articular processes. They provide a nice representation of the joint space between the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">articular processes on the side of the generator and a good individualisation of the articular processes<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">on the opposite side.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">The radiographic criteria </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">in relation to the presence of neck lesions are:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- vertebral alignment;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- size and shape of the vertebral canal;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- size, shape and architecture of the articular processes;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2 7<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- size of the intervertebral disk and shape of the vertebral fossa and corresponding vertebral<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">head.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">A range of abnormal findings </SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">can be indicative of cervical lesions:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1- Malalignment of vertebrae<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">This abnormal finding is often seen between C3 and C4 and between C5 and C6. But it can also be<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">seen in other locations such as C2-C3 and C6-C7. At every location malalignment is often associated<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">with:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">hypoplasia of the corresponding (cranial) vertebral fossa, with relative caudal elongation of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the vertebral arch;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">ventral flattening of the corresponding vertebral head (dysplasia);<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">dorsal subluxation of the vertebral head inducing narrowing of the median diameter of the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">vertebral canal.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">2- Anatomical stenosis of the vertebral canal<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Anatomical stenosis of the vertebral canal can be seen in any location between C3 and T1. Reference<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">data have been published on the ratio between the median (erroneously called sagittal) diameter of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the vertebral canal and the dorsoventral diameter of the corresponding vertebral head (Moore </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">et al<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">1994, Rush, 2003). In our experience, considering this ratio, we found stenosis of the cervical<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">vertebral canal (CVC) in sound horses and ratios above the limit because of the presence of small<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">vertebral heads in neurologic horses.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">3- Dynamic stenosis of the vertebral canal<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Instability of cervical intervertebral joints can be responsible for cervical compressive myelopathy<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">(CCM) during flexion of the neck and neurological manifestations. It can be seen on dynamic plain<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">radiographs on the sedated standing horse or under general anaesthesia. Instability of cervical<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">intervertebral joints is often secondary to a ventral flattening of the vertebral head as well as<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">flattening and caudoventral obliquity of the vertebral fossa.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">4- Hypertrophy of the articular processes<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">This condition is often seen in the caudal part of the cervical spine especially at C6-C7. It can be<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">diagnosed on lateral radiographs as well as on oblique projections. Hypertrophy of the articular<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">processes can induce dorsal compression of the spinal cord but also lateral compression which is<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">difficult to identify with radiography even using myelography.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">5- Fragmentation of the articular processes<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Osteochondral fragmentations as well as traumatic fractures of the articular processes may be<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">responsible for neck pain, stiffness and/or CCM. Osteochondral fragmentation of the articular<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">processes is often accompanied with soft tissue thickening and hypertrophy of the affected processes.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">6- Osteoarthrosis of the complexe articular processes-synovial intervertebral articulation (AP-SIVA)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Degenerative changes of the AP-SIVA complexes can be seen in horses presenting neck pain,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">stiffness and poor performance. Abnormal radiographic findings include: subchondral bone lysis,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">articular processes sclerosis and periarticular proliferation. They can be found on one or both sides of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the cervical spine.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">7- Intervertebral disk lesions<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Abnormal radiographic findings indicative of disk lesions include: narrowing of the radiolucent space<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">between the vertebral fossa and head; avulsion fractures from the vertebral fossa, disk mineralisation<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">and ventral enthesophytes. Disk cavitation and fissure formation without narrowing cannot be seen<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">radiographically.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">b) Ultrasonography<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">2 8<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Ultrasonography is now systematically used in association with radiography in the routine evaluation<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">of neck problems in horses. It is performed with 7.5 or 5 MHz convex probes. On a transverse section<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">made at an intervertebral joint space, different anatomical structures can be seen in a dorsoventral<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">direction:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">- </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the caudal articular process of the cranial vertebra;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">- </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the intervertebral joint space between the articular processes;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">- </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the cranial articular process of the caudal vertebra;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">- </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the vertebral artery and vein;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">- </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the transverse process of the caudal vertebrae.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Ultrasonography is very sensitive to any bone surface abnormalities such as hypertrophy or<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">fragmentation of the articular processes. With this procedure, soft issue injuries of the synovial<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">intervertebral joint space between the caudal and cranial articular processes (synovial fluid effusion,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">synovial membrane proliferation, capsulitis…) can be identified. These soft tissue alterations can be<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">responsible for dorsolateral compression of the spinal cord, not seen on radiographs.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Ultrasonography is also particularly useful for the <B>specific treatment </B>of the cause of cervical<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">problems. Intra-articular ultrasonographic guided injection with steroids (sometimes with hyaluronic<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">acid) is made between the articular processes. This procedure is safe and well tolerated by horses.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">References<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>Denoix JM, Audigié F : The neck and Back. In « Equine locomotion » Back W & Clayton H. ed. Saunders,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>London, Edinburgh, New York. 2000,167-192<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>Denoix JM: Spinal biomechanics and functional anatomy. Vet. Clin. North Am. - Equine Pract. 1999,15 (1),<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>27-60<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>Denoix J.M. : Biomécanique et travail physique du Cheval. Numéro spécial. L'Éperon-Information Hippique,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>Issy-les-Moulineaux, 74 pages, 67 figures, 57 photos.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>Denoix J.M.: Kinematics of the thoracolumbar spine in the Horse during dorsoventral movements: A<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>preliminary report. Equine Exercise Physiology, 2nd ICEEP (Second International Conference on<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>Equine Exercise Physiology), publications, 1987, 607-614.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HEAD AND NECK POSITIONS ON THE<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">THORACOLUMBAR KINEMATICS IN THE UNRIDDEN HORSE<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">P.R. Van Weeren, C. Johnston L. Roepstorff, M. A. Weishaupt<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><r.vanweeren@vet.uu.nl><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Reasons for performing the study: </SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">In many equestrian activities a specific position of head<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">and/or neck is required that is dissimilar to the natural position. Much controversy exists on the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">impact of these positions, but no quantitative data are available.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Objectives: </SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">To quantify the effect of 5 different head and neck positions on thoracolumbar<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">kinematics of the horse.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Methods: </SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Kinematics of 7 high level dressage horses were measured walking and trotting on an<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">instrumented treadmill with the head and neck in the following positions: HNP2=neck raised,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">bridge of the nose in front of the vertical; HNP3=as HNP2 with bridge of the nose behind the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">vertical; HNP4=head and neck lowered, nose behind the vertical; HNP5=head and neck in extreme<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">high position; HNP6=head and neck forward downward. HNP1 was a speed-matched control (head<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">and neck unrestrained) for all measurements.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Results: </SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">The head and neck positions only affected vertebral angular motion patterns (AMP) in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the sagittal plane (flexion-extension). There was no influence on lateral bending or axial rotation.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">The positions in which the neck was extended (HNP2, 3, 5) increased extension in the anterior<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">thoracic region, but increased flexion in the posterior thoracic and lumbar region. For HNP4 the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">2 9<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">pattern was opposite. Range of motion (ROM) of vertebrae was reduced at walk in the lumbar<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">region in HNP2 and 5, and at trot also in HNP3. Restriction was more evident at trot than at walk<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">and most evident in HNP5. In this position there was an increase in ROM of lateral bending in the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">thoracic region at walk and of axial rotation at trot. In HNP4 there was an overall increase in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">flexion-extension ROM, at walk mainly thoracic, at trot also lumbar. HNP5 was the only position<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">that negatively affected intravertebral pattern symmetry and reduced hind limb protraction.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Conclusions: </SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">There is a significant influence of head/neck position on thoracolumbar kinematics,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">principally in the sagittal plane. Positions with an elevated neck tend to induce extension in the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">thoracic region and flexion in the lumbar region. Lower neck positions produce the opposite. High<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">neck positions generally lead to a restriction of ROM of vertebrae, especially in the lumbar area.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Low neck positions will increase ROM. A very high position of the neck seems to greatly disturb<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">normal kinematics.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Potential relevance: </SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">This study provides quantitative data on the effect of head/neck positions<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">on the thoracolumbar spine.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF OVER-BENDING (ROLLKUR)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Dr. Eric van Breda, Maastricht University, The Netherlands<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Eric.vanBreda@BW.unimaas.nl</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Equine exercise physiological science is concerned with the overall outcome of training and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">exercise on the entire body. Exercise physiology in general encompasses general organ and cell<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">physiology, endocrinology, neurology, psychology/behavioural, kinematics, biomechanics, etc. In<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">training horses all of these components have to work in a coordinated fashion in order to reach full<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">physiological adaptation.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">The primary goal of equine athletic training is to enhance performance and maintain health<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">and wellbeing. From a physiological point of view to push performance capacity to the upper limit,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">relatively high amounts of different types of training are necessary during the long term athletic<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">career of the horse. Consequently, equine athletes are often balancing on the edge between the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">right amount of training (health/wellbeing) and overtraining (disease but not necessarily a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">decrease in wellbeing). One of the most difficult parts of the training process is to find the optimal<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">balance between intense training, recovery and wellbeing of the equine athlete<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Alternative training techniques for each horse and rider are mandatory to prevent the horse<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">from falling into the “danger-zone” called overtraining. Overtraining can either be short or longterm<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">and is, as far as exercise physiology is concerned, caused by central (neuro-endocrine and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">behavioural) aspects like pain, stress and stereotype behaviour. To date, no other (biological)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">parameters have been reported to be valid. One of the most likely causes of overtraining is<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">monotony in training. Therefore, variation in training techniques is necessary in order to: 1)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">prevent horses from falling into a state of overtraining and 2) keep the equine athlete happy and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">maintain wellbeing.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Recently, we performed a study in which we investigated the effect of a new training<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">technique in dressage (Rollkur). Parameters of stress were measured in recreational trained horses<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(n=7) and elite (International Grand Prix level) trained dressage horses (n=5). In the training of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the elite trained dressage horses an unnatural head/neck position (Rollkur) was used whereas in<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the recreational horses such training technique is not common. Stress was measured by heart rate<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">variability analysis 30 minutes post-feeding in the morning and thirty minutes post-exercise after a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">morning training session. No significant difference could be found at rest between the recreational<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">and elite trained horses. Interestingly, however, during the post-training measurements the elite<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">dressage horses showed less stress. Our results indicate that elite trained horses tend to have less<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">stress than recreational trained horses post-exercise. The findings of the present study suggest<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">that the health and wellbeing of elite trained horses is maintained despite non-natural<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">biomechanical positions.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">In conclusion, our findings are, to the best of our knowledge, the first that scientifically<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">describe the physiological effects of any dressage training technique in elite trained horses and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">3 0<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">showed that no acute stress is present despite the use of the Rollkur training technique. We<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">suggest that, from a exercise physiological point of view, different training methods are mandatory<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">in training in order to prevent athletes from falling into a state of overtraining which might hamper<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">health and wellbeing.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Advice to FEI: </SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">From a scientific physiological point of view the technique of Rollkur, as<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">measured in elite level trained dressage horses, causes no harm at the central physiological<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">systems. Although more physiological research into the effects of the training method in young(er)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">horses and horses that are in an earlier phase of their long term athletic development is necessary.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">At the moment, based on our research the over-bending does not pose a serious threat to the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">wellbeing of the horses.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Selected references:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>E. van Breda, A non-natural head neck position (Rollkur) during training results in less stress in elite trained<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>dressage horse. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. 9(1): in press, 2006.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>Rietmann TR, Stauffacher M, Bernasconi P, Auer JA, Weishaupt MA. The association between heart rate,<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>heart rate variability, endocrine and behavioural pain measures in horses suffering from laminitis. J Vet Med<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>A Physiol Pathol Clin Med., 51(5):218-25, 2004<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>E. van Breda, Training and overtraining in the elite dressage horses<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><FONT size=2>Scientific Proceedings Voorjaarsdagen, 2004.<O:P></O:P></FONT></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">RESEARCH TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING OVER-BENDING (ROLLKUR)<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Prof. Hilary M Clayton, BVMS, PhD, MRCVS<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">McPhail Equine Performance Center<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Michigan State University<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><claytonh@cvm.msu.edu><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">The neck is one of the most mobile parts of the horse’s body. In order to perform research on the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">effects of the type of over-bending described as Rollkur, it is necessary to define the Rollkur<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">position and to differentiate it from other types of neck flexion. A number of research techniques<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">are available that could be used to study neck position and its effects on the horse’s performance.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">This presentation will describe research techniques used in the McPhail Equine Performance Center<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">that could be applied to measure the angles between the vertebrae with the neck in different<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">positions and to assess the effects of neck position during training on other parts of the horse’s<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">body.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Fluoroscopy is a radiographic technique that can be used to scan the neck and measure the angles<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">between the cervical vertebrae with the neck in different positions. It can also be used to evaluate<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">patency of the airway.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">The presence of the saddle precludes the use of video-based techniques to measure back motion<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">during ridden exercise, but it may be possible to measure thoracolumbar kinematics in ridden<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">horses using ShapeTape, a fibreoptic-based sensor used in people to measure shape, position,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">orientation and movement of the back. Measurements from ShapeTape can be combined with<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">motion analysis to correlate back motion with movements of the limbs. The neck, back and limbs<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">are moved and stabilized by the muscular contractions, and it will be interesting to compare the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">muscular activation patterns when horses are ridden with the neck in different positions using<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">electromyography. The overall effects of the horse’s movements and muscular contractions can be<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">quantified using a force plate to measure the force between the hooves pushing against the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">ground.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">3 1<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Appendix 5 - Comments received subsequent to the Workshop<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">1. Paul Farrington (Veterinary Committee)</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT"><FONT size=2>• </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Rollkur (Over-bending) are terms in common usage now. We should therefore address<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">these terms. Otherwise many people not in that meeting may consider that we avoided the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">issue.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT"><FONT size=2>• </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Equally Hyperflexion is a scientific term for the full flexion of a joint, no more. I do not think<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">that it should be applied to a training technique.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT"><FONT size=2>• </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">In order to address Rollkur we should describe hyperflexion of the head as well as of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the mid neck, because that then includes maintaining the head in a fully flexed position<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">also.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT"><FONT size=2>• </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">I would wish to avoid the use of the word welfare from any published wording at this stage.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Nothing has been proven so far and therefore if it is used, it will only give food to others for<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">further argument on an ill-informed basis. Obviously that does not mean that we should not<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">keep any welfare implications under review.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">My definition would be:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT"><FONT size=2>• </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Hyperflexion of the neck is the full flexion of the cervical vertebrae in the longitudinal plane.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT"><FONT size=2>• </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Horses can hyperflex but do not naturally maintain hyperflexion of the neck for any length<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">of time.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT"><FONT size=2>• </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Rollkur (Over-bending) is a training technique/tool that uses hyperflexion of the head and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">mid-region of the neck.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT"><FONT size=2>• </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Although there is no evidence to date that Rollkur causes physical harm, it is recognised<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">that it is an advanced exercise that should only be used </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11.5pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">(for limited periods?) </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">by an<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">experienced or skilled rider with a horse that has achieved a sufficient level of training.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT"><FONT size=2>• </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Rollkur can present dangers when used on a horse at a lower level of training and should<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">not be attempted by an inexperienced or unskilled rider.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">2. Kent Allen (Medication Advisory Grup)</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Two other terms need to be defined; misuse and abuse of hyperflexion of the neck:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Misuse of the hyperflexion training technique is characterized by resistance of the horse to<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the application of hyperflexion or the horse’s inability to naturally and comfortably maintain<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the posture when pressure is released for a few strides. In either circumstance the rider<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">should discontinue the technique and pursue either veterinary evaluation of the horse’s<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">neck or further training in the technique;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Abuse is the harder term to define and I'm not sure it can be done without further study.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">An approach might be to use Hilary Clayton's Electromyography technique on the lower<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">neck muscles that Jean-Marie Denoix identified and look at time to fatigue.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">3. Tony Tyler (Welfare Subcommittee):<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">The evidence that Rollkur does not produce damage to the horse’s joints was based on the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">radiological examination of 2 gold medal winning horses. I think it is fair to assume that a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">horse winning at this level would not be in pain. There was no radiography of horses that<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">had been schooled using Rollkur that were failing to perform well. With almost all types of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">training, some athlete’s bodies cope well and others injure. I would not be happy with the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">current evidence to even suggest that it does not damage the horse only that it is more<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">likely that a well prepared supple horse may be able to cope with the demands of Rollkur;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">I suspect the change in name is really something for the dressage committee but I agree<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">with those that said we must first define Rollkur. A number of top riders have been using<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Rollkur and if it was now turned into a term for abuse they could legitimately argue that<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">their reputations are being damaged. A change in name might well result in a new<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">schooling definition (hyper flexion of the neck) which becomes linked to the round and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">3 2<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">deep method of schooling, Rollkur may continue as an exaggerated form that has still not<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">been fully investigated as a welfare concern;<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SymbolMT; mso-bidi-font-family: SymbolMT">• </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">We must also ensure that the novice rider is very aware of the possible discomfort that<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">could be caused by inappropriate use of the technique. To say that it is dangerous in the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">wrong hands is not sufficient to deter the amateur with delusions of their own expertise. At<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">a competition perhaps the opinion of two stewards that a horse is being schooled in a<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">manner that is likely to cause pain or serious distress could result in elimination, however<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">this may be too much to ask of people who are not expert riders themselves.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">4. Frank Odberg (Speaker):<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">My concern is only the way Andrew Higgins summarised it in one sentence. I suggest : “Some<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">horses may be in "learned helplessness", which is a state where the organism passively undergoes<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">pain and stress yet are unable to react. There is a need for research to identify more accurately<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">that state in the horse” It is important that the problem is rectified as people may think it's some<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">kind of stress-induced anaesthesia in the original draft.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">5. Gerd Heuschmann (Speaker):<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Returning back home from Lausanne, I was more then surprised to read the FEI-statement on<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">horsesport.org! It felt to me a little bit, like I had not been part of that workshop at all.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">I believed, we all were in good favour and realized that we have to work more intensively and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">scientifically in the near future on the effects of “over-flexing” of horses in training. In your<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">announcement, it sounds like over-flexing or hyperflexing is fine, if done by experienced riders<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">over a certain time frame. That is at least, how people understand this statement. Needless to say,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">that the responses I got from many countries are very negative. Your announcement did not point<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">out at all, that we are rejecting very much any aggressive and hard way of that method. That<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">would have been in my opinion a very important fact to say. The statement sounds like a general<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">agreement. That is not the case.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">The “scientific work” of the Swiss, Dutch and Swedish group in my opinion is a big problem. I am<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">not doubting their measurements and those results, but I think their interpretation is wrong and<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">will lead us to very dangerous conclusions, which will effect the welfare and soundness of many<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">horses in the long run. During the meeting already, I could not understand the fact that the horses<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">back is supposed to have the best mobility in position 4. It took me a few days of thinking,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">researching and realizing all facts:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">In a loose, supple horse the back has to a certain degree its own dynamic swing which does not go<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">with the withers 100 %. If you make artificial tension on the neck ligament then the back ligament<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">will get tense as well and the back has to follow the ups and downs of the withers. This does<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">make a higher amplitude, but not a better mobility of the back. This cannot be the goal of correct<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">training of the horse. Therefore, I believe, that this study presented in Lausanne is a dangerous<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">and possibly misleading paper.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">In my opinion it is very dangerous to relate to this study, to make up an official FEI-opinion. I<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">believe that the FEI should be very careful with a final statement like this. Hundreds of years of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">experience cannot be so wrong!<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">3 3<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Appendix 6 - </SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">FEI Press Release issued by Muriel Faienza on 31 Jan'06<O:P></O:P></SPAN></B></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">A most productive workshop was held on 31 January 2006 at the Olympic Museum and jointly<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">organised by the Dressage and Veterinary Committees. The point of this meeting is to reassure the<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Dressage Community that the controversial issue of Rollkur (overbending) is being addressed by<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">highly experienced experts from the equine world.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">The workshop included presentations and reports on this controversial training technique and its<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">possible side-effects that may affect the welfare of the horse. It also included a review of the need<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">for applied research.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Approximately 60 participants, including riders, trainers, stewards, veterinarians, and members of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">the Dressage, Veterinary Committees and Welfare Sub-Committee attended the workshop.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Objectives of the Forum:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">- Review the techniques of training horses<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">- Consider possible welfare implications<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">- Pros and cons from experts<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">- Better understanding of the biomechanics and kinematics involved in this degree of neck<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">movement<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">- Reports on clinical side effects or sequelae from long term use of the technique<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">- Discuss possible research programmes<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">- Produce a report for the FEI to be able to plan the best way forward.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">Further to presentations of different preliminary research projects in the field of exercise<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">physiology, radiology, biomechanics and schooling, the meeting reached the preliminary conclusion<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">that, when applied by skilled trainers, there was no scientific evidence that this training method<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">was abusive to the horse. There was clearly none evidence that no structural damage is created by<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">this training exercise, when used in the right way by expert riders.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">However, the use of that technique by inexperienced people was a possible threat to the welfare of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">the horse. The role of top dressage riders as role models in the sport was underlined.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Most of the participants agreed that the terminology Rollkur was not well understood and decided<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">it would be better to use a term which could be understood by riders, trainers and the general<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">public. After an extensive discussion, it was proposed that the draft wording might be hyperflexion<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">of the neck and a draft definition to this was established as follows:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">"Hyperflexion of the neck is a technique of working/training to provide a degree of longitudinal<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">flexion of the mid-region of the neck. Hyperflexion cannot be self-maintained by the horse for an<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">extended period of time."<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">As far as the FEI is concerned, the welfare and humane treatment of horses at FEI competitions,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">including the training areas and stables is paramount.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Next steps:<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- a more detailed definition of what is to be considered as abuse is required, e.g. stress<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">factors, pain or discomfort.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- Education of stewards to identify possible abuse and misuse of this technique, which is<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">not restricted to dressage.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">- Veterinary and Dressage Committee and Welfare Sub-Committee will review the state of<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">knowledge, submit a report of the meeting to the FEI and decide which scientific research<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">is further needed.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Muriel Faienza,<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Communication Manager<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">Federation Equestre Internationale<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB">m.faienza@horsesport.org</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-GB style="mso-ansi-language: EN-GB"><O:P><FONT size=2> </P> <HR> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; COLOR: #006633"><O:P><FONT color=#006633></P> <DIV class=Section1><FONT color=#003300 size=3><STRONG>Alle links passend bij dit onderwerp: <A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=315" target=_top>Discussie LDR Methode</A></STRONG></FONT></DIV> <DIV class=Section1> <P class=Section1></P><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; COLOR: #006633"><O:P><FONT color=#006633> <UL> <LI><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=322" target=_top><FONT color=#ff00ff size=1><STRONG>Mijn Motivatie</STRONG></FONT></A><FONT color=#ff00ff size=1><STRONG> </STRONG></FONT> <LI><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=318" target=_top><FONT color=#ff00ff size=1><STRONG>Reactie Sjef Janssen</STRONG></FONT></A><STRONG><FONT color=#ff00ff><FONT size=1> <IMG style="WIDTH: 233px; HEIGHT: 156px" height=197 alt=rr_idool_piaffe hspace=0 src="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/afbeeldingen/tn_img12.gif" width=262 align=right border=0></FONT> </FONT></STRONG> <LI><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=157" target=_top><FONT color=#ff00ff size=1><STRONG>Onze mening</STRONG></FONT></A><FONT color=#ff00ff size=1><STRONG> </STRONG></FONT> <LI><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=324" target=_top><FONT color=#ff00ff size=1><STRONG>Tegenspreken mag</STRONG></FONT></A><STRONG><FONT color=#ff00ff size=1> </FONT></STRONG> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; COLOR: blue; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><STRONG><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=344" target=_top><FONT color=#ff00ff size=1>Oproep</FONT></A><FONT color=#ff00ff size=1> </FONT></STRONG></SPAN> <LI><STRONG><FONT color=#990033 size=1></FONT></STRONG> <LI><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=316" target=_top><FONT color=#3300cc size=1><STRONG>Literatuur</STRONG></FONT></A><FONT color=#3300cc size=1><STRONG> </STRONG></FONT> <LI><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=317" target=_top><FONT color=#3300cc size=1><STRONG>Links</STRONG></FONT></A><FONT color=#3300cc size=1><STRONG> </STRONG></FONT> <LI><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=326" target=_top><FONT color=#3300cc size=1><STRONG>Bronvermelding</STRONG></FONT></A><STRONG> </STRONG> <LI> <LI><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=319" target=_top><FONT color=#000000 size=1><STRONG>Artikel St.Georg</STRONG></FONT></A><FONT color=#000000 size=1><STRONG> </STRONG></FONT> <LI><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=320" target=_top><FONT color=#000000 size=1><STRONG>Reacties artikel</STRONG></FONT></A><STRONG><FONT color=#000000> </FONT></STRONG> <LI><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=338" target=_top><FONT color=#000000 size=1><STRONG>Commentaar FN</STRONG></FONT></A></FONT><FONT color=#000000><STRONG> </STRONG></FONT> <LI><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: #006633"><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=339" target=_top><FONT color=#000000 size=1>DRV statement</FONT></A></SPAN><FONT color=#000000><FONT color=#cc3399><FONT size=2><FONT color=#006633><FONT color=#000000> </FONT> <LI> <LI><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=327" target=_top><FONT color=#990033 size=1><STRONG>De 2 opvattingen van training</STRONG></FONT></A></SPAN><STRONG><FONT color=#990033 size=1> <IMG alt=rr_idool_trot src="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/afbeeldingen/tn_img15.gif" align=right border=0></FONT></STRONG> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; COLOR: blue; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=323" target=_top><FONT color=#990033 size=1><STRONG>Terminologie en uitleg</STRONG></FONT></A></SPAN><STRONG><FONT color=#990033 size=1> </FONT></STRONG> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; COLOR: blue; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=328" target=_top><FONT color=#990033 size=1><STRONG>LDR gerelateerde historische opvattingen </STRONG></FONT></A></SPAN> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; COLOR: blue; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=330" target=_top><FONT color=#990033 size=1>De loodlijn</FONT></A></SPAN><FONT color=#990033 size=1> </FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; COLOR: blue; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=331" target=_top><FONT color=#990033 size=1>Durchlässigkeit</FONT></A><FONT color=#000000><FONT color=#cc3399><FONT size=2><FONT color=#006633> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; COLOR: blue; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=337" target=_top><STRONG><FONT color=#990033 size=1>Learned Helplessness</FONT></STRONG></A><STRONG><FONT color=#990033 size=1> </FONT></STRONG></SPAN> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; COLOR: blue; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><STRONG><FONT color=#990033 size=1></FONT></STRONG></SPAN></FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT> <LI class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; COLOR: blue; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><A href="http://www.hippocampus-nl.com/s2e.php?content_id=353" target=_top><FONT color=#000000 size=1><STRONG>videodocumentatie</STRONG></FONT></A></SPAN></LI></UL><FONT color=#000000><FONT color=#cc3399><FONT size=2><FONT color=#006633> <P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; COLOR: blue; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><STRONG><FONT color=#990033 size=1></FONT></STRONG></SPAN> <HR> </FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></O:P></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; COLOR: #006633"><O:P><FONT color=#006633> <P></P></DIV></O:P></SPAN></FONT></O:P></SPAN></FONT></FONT></O:P></SPAN></div> <a href="index.php?content_id=1" target="_top">Intro</a><BR><a href="javascript:window.top.location.href='s2e.php?content_id=1';void(0)" target="_top">Intro</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=8" target="_top">Intro English</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=71" target="_top">PMTV</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=98" target="_top">Boek</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=335" target="_top">Seminar PMTV</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=9" target="_top">Deutsch Intro</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=418" target="_top">Ulrike Thiel</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=419" target="_top">Möglichkeiten</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=130" target="_top">Ausbildung</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=99" target="_top">Buchbesprechung</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=129" target="_top">Seminare</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=147" target="_top">Programm Seminar</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=414" target="_top">Kurse</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=425" target="_top">Workshops und Kurse</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=55" target="_top">Concept</a><BR><a href="javascript:window.top.location.href='s2e.php?content_id=55';void(0)" target="_top">Concept</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=132" target="_top">Werkvormen</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=133" target="_top">De Methode</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=134" target="_top">Voor wie ?</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=92" target="_top">Hippische Filosofie</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=124" target="_top">FEI reglement</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=157" target="_top">Onze mening</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=315" target="_top">Discussie LDR</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=318" target="_top">Reactie Sjef Janssen</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=317" target="_top">Links</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=316" target="_top">Literatuur</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=326" target="_top">Bronvermelding</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=319" target="_top">Artikel St.Georg</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=320" target="_top">Reacties artikel</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=339" target="_top">DRV statement</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=338" target="_top">Commentaar FN</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=322" target="_top">Mijn Motivatie</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=324" target="_top">Tegenspreken mag</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=323" target="_top">Uitleg</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=327" target="_top">Beide opvattingen</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=328" target="_top">LDR geschiedenis</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=330" target="_top">De loodlijn</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=331" target="_top">Durchlässigkeit</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=337" target="_top">Learned Helplessness</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=340" target="_top">FEI report</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=341" target="_top">FEI report</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=343" target="_top">Commentaar beroepsru</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=344" target="_top">Oproep</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=353" target="_top">DVD beschikbaar</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=356" target="_top">Videoanalyse</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=357" target="_top">Videoanalyse</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=358" target="_top">Videoanalyse</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=359" target="_top">DVD English</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=360" target="_top">DVD Nederlands</a><BR><a 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