Hippocampus - Article on Psycho-motor therapeutic vaulting

<body> <BODY> <FONT size=1><FONT color=#006633> <P> <BLOCKQUOTE dir=ltr style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px"> <P></FONT></FONT><FONT color=#006633 size=3>The Horse as Equine Intermediary during the Healing Process  in Psycho-Motor –Therapeutic- Vaulting (PMTV)<BR>Dr. Ulrike Boon-Thiel, clinical psychologist</FONT></P> <P><FONT size=1><FONT color=#006633> <HR> </FONT></FONT> <P></P></BLOCKQUOTE> <P><FONT color=#006633></FONT></P> <P><FONT color=#006633 size=1>The method used for psychotherapy with horses is described in the <BR>following article <BR>This paper has been presented at the10 th international Congress on Therapeutic <BR>Riding26-29 april 2000, Angers, France Session 4 (Thursday April 27 th ): </FONT><BR> <HR> <BR><FONT size=1><FONT color=#006633><STRONG><FONT size=2>PMTV – Psycho-Motor Therapeutic Vaulting<BR></FONT></STRONG>PMTV is a psychodynamic body-oriented form of psychotherapy based on remedial vaulting (Kroeger, 1977,1982,1990,1996,Kroeger et al. 1997) and psychomotor therapy PBSP (Pesso-Boyden System/Psychomotor Therapy). This approach allows a wide range of applications for the most different indications from serious <BR>chronic psychiatric conditions to self-awareness groups (such as riders wishing to enhance their awareness and their relationship with horses). The aim of remedial vaulting is to integrate and unify the different active elements <BR>involved in therapeutic riding (horse, exercises, group…..) to achieve an ongoing developmental process. In working with adults, we have to bear in mind that participants have firmly entrenched personal histories they have learned to protect with their own mechanisms of defence and coping. However, it is precisely those mechanisms that prevent the therapeutic process to take hold because clients feel it is dangerous to give up, or deviate from, their "tried and tested survival strategies". Therefore, we are bound to encounter very strong individual responses determined by personal histories and developments.<BR> <BR>In contrast to remedial vaulting, PMTV takes place within a client-centred individual "triangle" formed by equitherapist, horse and client. Moreover, psycho-motor therapeutic vaulting is a process where interaction, response and projection need to be kept under control, i.e. it helps to structure the elements involved and to create systematically defined and varied therapy-based situations where clients feel safe to gather experiences in co-operation with the horse while being assisted by the therapist. The therapeutic programme relies on the Pesso-Boyden System/Psychomotor Therapy (PBSP) as a major treatment modality because it (1) is a development-oriented form of therapy, (2) structures the impulses clients experience during the process, (3) works with <BR>clear and targeted exercises, and (4) uses well-defined and safe situations for this purpose. In the "equine variant" of PBSP, the interaction between horse and client invites the latter to embark on a journey of self-discovery. Managed by the therapist, s/he may access unresolved past emotional conflicts through the instantaneous physical and emotional reactions that are triggered by exercises with and on the horse. Clients are made aware of these reactions, which are given names to make them less threatening. They are traced back to their origins <BR>and confronted within their historical context (such as previously unmet or inadequately met basic needs, past hurts, deprivations or losses). Therapeutic change is accomplished by defining and structuring otherwise overwhelming <BR>feelings and bodily sensations followed by their digestion and transposition into daily life. Under PBSP, participants usually work individually within a group, i.e. each client works on his/her individual process, while the other group members, who do the same, function as so-called accommodators. Under PMTV, the horse adopts the role of the human partners (group members). However, it doesn't replace human role figures. Rather, it is expected to guide clients towards them. In so doing, it fulfils different functions throughout the therapeutic process and changes roles during the symbolic phase of coping with the experiences just made.</FONT></FONT> <P></P> <P><BR><FONT color=#006633 size=1>PMTV’s therapeutic programme includes five phases defined by the respective active component: (1) horse, (2) therapist, (3) exercises, (4) therapeutic interventions and (5) current level achieved in the process. The horse acts as <BR>an intermediary between the client and his/her basic needs which have been neglected in the past and demand satisfaction. It is also an intermediary between the client and human partners in interactions the client is not (yet) <BR>prepared to address. Within the coping phase of PMTV’s therapeutic process the otherwise locked doors to the client’s "basic needs" are subtly "unlocked" by means of structured exercises of communication, movement and experience in a safe environment where the horse plays different but clearly specified roles depending on the level of process attainment. It responds whenever the client requests help from his/her equine intermediary. The horse combines various functions such as those of motivator, activator, actualiser, symbolic role figure and stabiliser. It motivates the client to accept the therapeutic situation and helps create a situation of "how things could have been", thus empowering the client to work body-wise within this triangle system. It prompts the client to experience his/her body and its movements in a new way, helps actualise relevant "historical" situations and digest their specific meaning and impact on the current situation. Furthermore, it helps deal with them in an <BR>acceptable and ultimately symbolic manner (the symbolic act is the essential healing approach). In this phase, the horse may serve as a stimulus for projection within the symbolic process of experience and coping, thus guiding <BR>the client towards discovering joyful alternatives to the deficits in his/her personal history. During the final phase of transition the horse stops playing symbolic roles to stabilise the insights that have just been gained and becomes, <BR>once more, the equine partner of interaction who has helped unlock a door to both the client himself/herself and his/her human partners.<BR> <BR></FONT><FONT size=1><FONT color=#006633><FONT size=2><STRONG>The PMTV situation<BR></STRONG></FONT>Like in other equine therapeutic approaches, the contact with the horse is of great importance in PMTV. The interaction between client and horse is standardised enabling the therapist to keep it under control and create a secure and very inviting environment ideally suited for triggering a range of systematically varied situations designed to assist the process. They are: (1) the loose horse together with client and therapist in the picadero, (2) the horse on rope and halter in the grooming area and (3) on the longeing rein.</FONT></FONT></P> <P><FONT size=1><FONT color=#006633><BR></FONT></FONT><FONT size=1><FONT color=#006633><FONT size=2><STRONG>The PMTV horse<BR></STRONG></FONT>Ideally, you have a willingly co-operative horse treated by the therapist with respect. It is not expected to obey unconditionally and co-operate tacitly. It is rewarded, you apologise to the horse when necessary and try to understand why it sometimes does not give the expected response. The PMTV horse is friendly and <BR>enjoys human contact without being obtrusive. It has been trained in client contact in the above standard situations including elementary dressage training and work on the longeing rein. These qualities are revealed by the harmony and ease of its movements, by its relaxed back, by its calm, supple but keen forward thrust and by the regularity of its paces. It tolerates a client’s unsteadiness and diffidence but responds to brutality or impulsiveness and indicates unmistakably what it likes and dislikes. To be able to cope with its "job", the horse has to be given sufficient leisure to relax on pastures in the company of horses and is rarely "used" for other purposes (sport or other therapies). Like horses ridden for sport or pleasure, a therapy horse needs many different activities enabling it to develop its character and body and enjoy life among, and contact with, humans. For horsemanship guidelines in Equitherapy see Boon-Thiel 1995b.<BR> <BR></FONT></FONT><FONT size=1><FONT color=#006633><FONT size=2><STRONG>The PMTV therapist<BR></STRONG></FONT>The PMTV therapist is a qualified psychotherapist who works with client-centred guidelines and is trained and experienced in body-oriented techniques. S/he has fundamental theoretical and practical knowledge of hippology and active experience in riding and working with horses. S/he may serve as a model for the intended co-operation with the horse and can train and keep fit a therapy/vaulting horse, i.e. the therapist has received training in remedial vaulting as defined by the Deutsche Kuratorium für Therapeutisches Reiten (German Association for Therapeutic Riding). The PMTV therapist is prepared to reconsider, and be supervised in, his/her relationship with the horse. Naturally, his/her relationship with the horse must be very close and go beyond therapy sessions. For more details see Boon-Thiel 1996a; Boon-Thiel 1996b.The PMTV approach to the therapeutic process<BR>Therapeutic intervention starts with the body, including all the sensations it may express and all the information it may have stored. People with psychological illnesses usually have a greatly impaired perception of their own <BR>body and its actions and reactions. They are not aware of the modalities and opportunities of movement and their uses. Their room for decision-making is very restricted, and awareness of their own possibilities and limits is clouded and highly distorted. In PMTV, the focus is on making a client aware of his/her own body and its possibilities. This, in turn, will result in greater self-esteem and give clients a chance to open up to others. The process of paying special attention to bodily cues and the "stories" they may tell, plus the opportunity to experiment with "the events stored in a client’s body", will enable the client to perceive others (in this case the horse), deal with this perception <BR>and enter into a dialogue with the horse in a well-defined and secure setting. This dialogue is easy to accept for the client since, initially, it is of a purely physical nature as is the contact between mother and child in the early <BR>stages of development. Led by the therapist, this communication between human and animal bodies will slowly evolve into analogue communication and later into verbalisation. Giving a name to overwhelming feelings makes them bearable and less threatening. As these therapy sessions deal with events the client could not cope with "properly", we are bound to discover past emotional injuries and deprivations that have left their traces and are uncovered by the bodily sensations felt in specific therapy situations. Principal needs such as the need <BR>for nurturance, for a place (where one belongs), for support, for protection, but also for the imposition of limits in both the literal and figurative sense, have not been met by (a) the right person at (b) the right moment in (c) the <BR>right way. Those unmet needs are craving for fulfilment in a "counter-productive" unconscious way. By tracking the client’s bodily responses back to their roots, we establish the personal history context necessary for meeting previously unmet developmental needs. However, we do so "in the here and now" and on a "symbolic level", with the horse as our go-between. For instance, a client’s need for support (his/her wish of being carried by a father or mother figure) can be re-enacted by the horse, i.e. the horse becomes the symbolic and ideal parent the client did not have in his/her childhood. The same process can help with other deficits experienced by the client. The symbolic work on such events will lead to a new positive connotation added to the old stories told by a client’s body, i.e. unpleasant material is supplemented and eventually neutralised by pleasant sensations of all the senses. This balancing effect produced by the new experiences may help change a person’s expectations of the <BR>future, e.g. as to his/her future partner. Experiencing the nuances that exist between the two extremes of firmly sitting on the horse and falling off the horse may help clients suffering from borderline syndrome to "relativise" their personal perceptions that know nothing but "black or white, "good or evil".<BR> <BR>No matter what client we are dealing with, it is always important to have the horse take on a symbolic role during the phase of digestion and coping and then have the horse shed this role so as to enable the client to transpose the newly made experience into present-day life (enrolling and derolling the horse).<BR> <BR></FONT></FONT><FONT size=1><FONT color=#006633><FONT size=2><STRONG>The PMTV exercises<BR></STRONG></FONT>Exercises with and on the moving horse – whereby losing and recovering one’s balance, being carried by the horse and giving oneself over to the movement of the horse play a crucial role – help the client rediscovers his/her body. During initial training s/he learns to distinguish between the various kinds of movements produced by (1) reflexes, (2) habits, (3) emotions, and (4) volition (Perquin 1995; Pesso 1972). This in turn leads to the introduction of a wider range of movement and action providing alternatives to undesired and unhelpful (e)motion(al) responses. In contrast to Pesso Therapy, where clients learn to deal with their bodies through so-called "accommodator exercises" together with human partners in a group environment, PMTV exercises are determined by the particular qualities of a horse (i.e. analogue communication, three-dimensional movement, balance, harmony, etc.). Hence, PMTV exercises are exercises of (A) movement, (B) perception, and (C) experience in terms of (1) contact, ( 2) rrhythm, (3) balance, and (4) interaction.<BR> <BR>  <BR><FONT size=2><STRONG>The PMTV micro-cycles<BR></STRONG></FONT>The therapeutic process uses numerous micro-cycles to find a gradual approach to the client and his/her situation. There is a succession of such micro-cycles. Each cycle involves (1) the interplay between therapist, client and horse; a specific exercise geared to (2) the client’s current need and (3) level achieved in therapy, (4) the intervention by the therapist and, finally, (5) the client’s individual response which in turn leads on to the next micro-cycle of <BR>interaction, properly chosen exercise, intervention, and response ....</FONT></FONT></P> <P><FONT size=1><FONT color=#006633><FONT size=2><STRONG>The PMTV process</STRONG></FONT><BR>In this form of therapeutic vaulting, the above factors are defined individually and then varied, combined and used in the various phases of the therapeutic process in line with current objectives. Ideally, the step-by-step cycles help <BR>the client to go through the below five phases of the therapeutic process. These phases are defined by their objectives within the overall therapeutic process, the phase-specific function of the horse, the kind of exercises and <BR>interventions currently involved and the therapeutic level (depth) reached in working with the client. Naturally, the phases overlap and will eventually become integrated within this process. It is important for the therapist to keep <BR>in mind the objectives that ought to determine each exercise, the role currently played by the horse and the level attained by the client so as to be able to fine-tune his/her interventions.<BR> <BR><STRONG>Phase 1 : introductory phase (motivation)<BR></STRONG> <BR>This phase can be regarded as a kind of warm-up, with the horse trying to motivate the client to enter into the new situation. If the client does not respond to horses as motivators, this form of therapy will not be suited for <BR>him/her. Prior to therapy, client and therapist have met for an interview, the client has visited the stables and other premises together with the therapist, and roughly knows what to expect in "therapeutic riding". S/he has met the therapy horse on the pasture in the company of other horses.At the beginning of therapy, the possibilities and limits are not yet defined but will develop quite naturally through the client’s contact with the horse within a well-structured, clear and safe situation that is controlled by the therapist. This includes collecting the horse from the pasture (not the stables!), being with the horse in the grooming area before and after riding, and vaulting with the horse on the longeing rein. The therapist will not leave the client alone in any of these situations. The client gets to know the horse, a lively and strong creature that is able to communicate directly and is treated by the therapist with respect. The client may also see that horse and therapist enjoy working together. The client is only confronted with as much "nature" and "strength" as s/he is able to cope with in any given situation. S/he may determine his/her distance to the horse, the kind and limit of bodily contact s/he currently desires to have. A routine evolves which will later signal the beginning and the end of every therapy session, and which will facilitate transition from everyday life to therapy and back again. This is the phase where we lay the cornerstone for the so-called "possibility sphere" needed in later therapy phases. This term is derived from Pesso Therapy and means the creation of an array of possibilities discovered by the client in co-operation with the therapist. S/he may choose different possibilities from this array and use them or experiment with them as need be. This is how s/he learns to explore his/her <BR>wishes and limits and communicate them to the therapist. If the client succeeds in doing this, s/he will be the one who determines the intensity, depth and speed of the therapeutic process that is to ensue. This introductory phase is also intended to have the client discover the horse, its body, its forms of communication and movement. For this purpose, we use various exercises with the horse on rope and halter, moving freely in the picadero, or standing still. This enables the client to learn not only about his/her equine partner but also about his/her own curiosity and attempts to satisfy this curiosity, about how s/he wants to establish contact with others, what s/he expects and how s/he deals with fulfilled or unfulfilled expectations.<BR> <BR> <BR><STRONG>Phase 2 : exercise phase (experiment)<BR></STRONG> <BR> <BR>This is the phase where "actual therapeutic vaulting" begins with, inter alia, exercises similar to those used in remedial vaulting ( Boon-Thiel 1996b). The client gets to know the movements of the horse and his/her own body’s <BR>possibilities created by interaction, i.e. s/he may choose the distance for walking alongside the horse, adjust to the horse’s gait, become aware that s/he is moved by the horse and is in contact with the horse’s body when mounting the horse and being carried by it, s/he may make volitional movements on the moving horse with special attention being paid to balance, own posture and impulses. Gradually the client’s skill and courage will increase. The more s/he trusts the moving creature and the assisting therapist, the greater will be his/her success. Soon s/he will learn about alternatives to his/her previous repertoire of movement/perception/communication. During this phase, the therapist’s interventions focus on supporting the client in his/her attempts at allowing new impressions of movement and perception to take hold through exercises with and on the horse. This is where the horse plays the role of helper, contact person and activator enabling the client to gather all these impressions and experiment <BR>with them. The horse is the familiar factor, the factor to be trusted within this setting, the co-operating partner who may also signal discontent when not treated adequately.</FONT></FONT></P> <P><FONT size=1><FONT color=#006633><BR><STRONG>Phase 3 : sensation phase (experience)</STRONG></FONT></FONT></P> <P><FONT color=#006633 size=1>In this phase, the client is led beyond experimentation towards his/her own perceptions and sensations generated by the exercises with the horse. S/he learns to watch his/her own body, what it does, what can be perceived by the <BR>senses and what impressions all this leaves behind. The idea is to let agreeable and less agreeable sensations and impulses happen, to accept them and to learn how to deal with them. The exercises used within this phase are the "classical" ones of remedial vaulting but also the author’s own variations of the bodily exercises used in Pesso Therapy, in centred riding and by Feldenkrais (see Boon-Thiel 1996b; Perquin 1995; Perquin and Pesso 1994; Perquin and Pesso 1995; Pesso 1972; Pesso and Crandell 1990, Dirk Baum, Baum 1989; Baum 1990, Swift <BR>1985, Boon-Thiel 1996a; Boon-Thiel 1996b Kluewer 1989; Kluewer 1990;). The therapist makes the client designate, describe and talk about his/her perceptions, as far as this is possible. If necessary, the client describes the <BR>observations made as though s/he was an outside witness. In all that, the horse remains non-judgemental. It just evokes all these sensations, allows them to happen, leaves them for what they are and sometimes reacts to them. <BR> <BR><STRONG>Phase 4 : coping phase (digestion)<BR></STRONG> <BR> <BR>In this phase, the client works on his/her personal needs, emotions, limits and desires parts of which may have surfaced in earlier phases. The client is guided towards becoming aware of conflicts and desires that have become manifest in his/her body and emotional responses. Positive alternatives are offered to replace negative response patterns expressed by strong feelings such as anger, rage, fury and aggression. Aggression, for instance, can be transformed into controlled achievement-oriented movement, without discarding the emotion as such. Emotions are accepted, because they are a part of us, but clients are encouraged to look for an alternative means of expressing them, thus consciously changing their effects. The horse’s natural reactions help the client to <BR>distinguish between aggressive and adjusted responses to emotions "judged to be negative". This is also the phase where clients can have their unmet basic needs satisfied on a symbolic level. Such needs would be the need for nurturance, for a place (where one belongs), for support, for protection. The client may work with the horse "in the here and now" on his/her deficits rooted in his/her personal history and in specific past events. Lack of support, protection, etc. within a person’s development and the ensuing conflicts are uncovered and structured enabling the client to develop, together with the horse, helpful alternatives. This is where the horse can play the role of a symbolic figure, a plane of projection or transition, a negative or positive role model, an objective witness or a wished for parent figure. Making such multi-sensory experiences and storing the alternatives to "historical deprivations or losses" will trigger the healing process. They enable the client to perceive new events <BR>from a different angle and place them within another context. In particular, they will prevent him/her from seeking satisfaction of previously unmet needs in other people and, as this is bound to fail, from remaining in a vicious circle of repeating the old story of frustration, fear and "self-fulfilling prophecy".<BR> <BR><STRONG></STRONG></FONT></P> <P><FONT color=#006633 size=1><STRONG>Phase 5 : transition phase (integration)</STRONG></FONT></P><FONT color=#006633 size=1><STRONG> <P><BR></STRONG>This is the phase where the experiences made within a specific PMTV situation with the horse are transposed into daily life. The horse sheds its symbolic function and becomes the one who has made these experiences possible. If PMTV is part of a whole set of therapeutic approaches, it will be necessary to ensure good co-operation between PMTV therapist and therapy co-ordinator (if they are two different persons). The PMTV therapist begins to build a bridge in the horse-based therapy situation to be crossed by the client with the help of his/her PMTV- induced capabilities. Everyday life, the therapist or the group await the client on the other end. In this phase, the client bids farewell to the horse. It is now no longer his/her plane of projection but becomes again the horse, the willing partner in exercises with whom everything has begun. It is important to make the client realise that the horse has helped build the bridge towards getting in touch with his/her own feelings and needs, and that s/he may <BR>now move on from here to communicate and interact with human partners to find out who s/he is, what s/he wants, what s/he can do and how s/he can cope with the sunny and shady sides of life. <BR> <BR><STRONG><FONT size=2></FONT></STRONG></P> <P><STRONG><FONT size=2>Practice and indications</FONT></STRONG><STRONG><BR></STRONG>This method is currently applied by the author in her own psychotherapeutic centre and at an institution for mentally deviant offenders (TBS-inrichting). She gives PMTV courses to student equitherapists within their regular training programme. PMTV may also be used for clients who want to undergo Pesso Therapy in human groups but do not yet feel capable of doing body-centred work with human partners. PMTV courses and self-awareness groups are organised for interested colleagues. Some exercises are successfully applied in self-awareness-groups for riders who are confronted with inexplicable emotions, anxiety, or tensions when practising their sport. Furthermore, these exercises are suited for riders who want to analyse their relationship with their horse, thus enabling them to realise what they are actually looking for in their equine partner, what they can expect of the horse and what not.</FONT></P> <P><FONT color=#006633></FONT><FONT size=1></P><FONT color=#006633> <HR> <BR><STRONG>References<BR></STRONG>Baum, D. 1989. Heilpaedagogisches Voltigieren/Reiten mit psychisch kranken <BR>Menschen. Sonderheft "Heilpaedagogisches Voltigieren und Reiten" Das Pferd in <BR>Paedagogik, Psychologie und Psychiatrie .<BR>Baum, D. 1990. Der psychisch kranke Mensch auf dem Pferd. In Heilpaedagogisches <BR>Reiten und Voltigieren, ed. M. Gä ng. Basel: Ernst Reinhardt Verlag.<BR>Boon-Thiel, U. 1995a. Heilpaedagogisches Voltigieren/Reiten in einer <BR>Justizanstalt fü r geistig abnorme Rechtsbrecher in den Niederlanden. In <BR>Arbeitstagung "Die Arbeit mit dem Pferd in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie", ed. <BR>DKThR:89-95. Muenchen: DKThR.<BR>Boon-Thiel, U. 1995b. Versuch der Verwirklichung von Symbiotischer Pferdehaltung <BR>beim Aufbau einer Praxis fü r Therapeutisches Reiten. In Freiheit erfahren, <BR>Grenzen erkennen, ed. M. Scheidacker:174-190. Mü nchen: DKThR.<BR>Boon-Thiel, U. 1996a. Ontwikkeling en beproeving van een model voor <BR>therapeutisch paardrijden (PTP) als lichaamsgericht therapieaanbod voor bewoners <BR>van de TBS-inrichting Veldzicht: HippoCampus-Rapport, Soerendonk.<BR>Boon-Thiel, U. 1996b. Opleidigshulpen voor PTP-Therapeuten: HippoCampus-Rapport, <BR>Soerendonk.<BR>Boon-Thiel,U. 1998a: Psychotherapeutisches Voltigieren in einer Justizanstalt <BR>fuer geistig abnorme Rechtsbrecher in den Niederlanden. HippoCampus Nieuwsbrief, <BR>Soerendonk<BR>Boon-Thiel,U. 1998b: Uebungssammlung und Instruktionen fuer PMTV, HippoCampus, <BR>Soerendonk<BR>Boon-Thiel 1998c: PMTV-Psycho-(motorisch)-therapeutisches voltigieren auf Basis <BR>von koerperorientierter Psychotherapie nach PESSO, Paper presented at the 9th <BR>International Congress on Therapeutic Riding, Muenchen, oct 1998.<BR>Kluewer, B 1994 Der Einsatz des Pferdes als Medium der Selbsterfahrung im <BR>Kontext psychomotorischer Entwicklung und Therapie . Med.Diss.:Techn.Hochschule <BR>Achen.<BR>Kluewer, C. 1990. Selbsterfahrung durch das Medium Pferd. In Heilpaedagogisches <BR>Voltigieren und Reiten, ed. M. Gaeng:210-226. Basel: Reinhardt.<BR>Kroeger, A. 1977. Voltigieren als Erziehungshilfe an Schulen fü r <BR>Verhaltensauffaellige Kinder. In Therapeutisches Reiten-Medizin, Paedagogik, <BR>Sport, ed. W. Heipertz:66-83. Stuttgart: Franckh.<BR>Kroeger, A. 1982. Heilpaedagogisches Voltigieren. Proc.Therapeutisches Reiten <BR>82.<BR>Kroeger, A. 1990. Heilpaedagogisches Voltigieren. In Heilpaedagogisches <BR>Voltigieren und Reiten, ed. M. Gaeng:97-120. Basel: Reinhardt.<BR>Kroeger, A. 1996. Kommunikation beim heilpaedagogischen Voltigieren in Theorie <BR>und Praxis. Therapeutisches Reiten 3/96.<BR>Kroeger ,A. et al. 1997 Partnerschaftlich miteinander umgehen, Warendorf, <BR>FN-Verlag<BR>Perquin, L. 1995. Oefening met drie bewegings-modaliteiten. Pesso-Bulletin 11/1: <BR>48-51.<BR>Perquin, L. and A. Pesso. 1994. Reflex-relaxed. Pesso-Bulletin 10/2: 9-14.<BR>Perquin, L. and A. Pesso. 1995. Reflex-relaxatie oefening. Pesso Bulletin 11/1: <BR>41-48.<BR>Pesso, A. 1972. Experience in Action, A Psychomotor Psychology. New York: New <BR>York University Press.<BR>Pesso, A. 1986. Dramaturgie des Unbewussten. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.<BR>Pesso, A. and J. Crandell, eds. 1990. Structured exercises as therapeutic tools <BR>in Pesso psychotherapy. Cambridge: Brooklyn Books.<BR>Pesso, A. and Crandell J. 1991. Moving Psychotherapy: theory and applications of <BR>the Pesso System/Psychomotor Therapy. New York: Brookline Books.<BR>Swift, S. 1985. Reiten aus der Koerpermitte, Pferd und Reiter im Gleichgewicht. <BR>Zuerich: Mueller-Rueschlikon. <BR></FONT></FONT> <P><FONT color=#006633></FONT></P> <P><FONT color=#006633></FONT><FONT size=1></P><FONT color=#006633> <HR> </FONT></FONT> <P><FONT color=#006633></FONT></P></div> <a href="index.php?content_id=1" target="_top">Intro</a><BR><a href="javascript:window.top.location.href='s2e.php?content_id=1';void(0)" target="_top">Intro</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=8" target="_top">Intro English</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=71" target="_top">PMTV</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=98" target="_top">Boek</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=335" target="_top">Seminar PMTV</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=9" target="_top">Deutsch Intro</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=418" target="_top">Ulrike Thiel</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=419" target="_top">Möglichkeiten</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=130" target="_top">Ausbildung</a><BR><a 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href="index.php?content_id=318" target="_top">Reactie Sjef Janssen</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=317" target="_top">Links</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=316" target="_top">Literatuur</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=326" target="_top">Bronvermelding</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=319" target="_top">Artikel St.Georg</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=320" target="_top">Reacties artikel</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=339" target="_top">DRV statement</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=338" target="_top">Commentaar FN</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=322" target="_top">Mijn Motivatie</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=324" target="_top">Tegenspreken mag</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=323" target="_top">Uitleg</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=327" target="_top">Beide opvattingen</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=328" target="_top">LDR geschiedenis</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=330" target="_top">De loodlijn</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=331" target="_top">Durchlässigkeit</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=337" target="_top">Learned Helplessness</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=340" target="_top">FEI report</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=341" target="_top">FEI report</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=343" target="_top">Commentaar beroepsru</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=344" target="_top">Oproep</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=353" target="_top">DVD beschikbaar</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=356" target="_top">Videoanalyse</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=357" target="_top">Videoanalyse</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=358" target="_top">Videoanalyse</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=359" target="_top">DVD English</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=360" target="_top">DVD Nederlands</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=361" target="_top">Comments</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=383" target="_top">Comments</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=388" target="_top">forced helplessness</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=84" target="_top">Klassieke rijkunst</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=82" target="_top">Hip.Sportpsychologie</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=90" target="_top">Onafhankelijke Zit</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=89" target="_top">Werken aan de longe</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=83" target="_top">Equitherapie</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=86" target="_top">Functie paard</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=97" target="_top">Geschiedenis</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=94" target="_top">Vormen</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=85" target="_top">Pedagogisch</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=88" target="_top">Lichaamsgericht</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=91" target="_top">Psychotherapie</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=87" target="_top">Het PMTV-Modell</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=367" target="_top">DVD</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=10" target="_top">Aanbod</a><BR><a href="javascript:window.top.location.href='s2e.php?content_id=10';void(0)" target="_top">Aanbod</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=194" target="_top">x Zoek per Doelgroep</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=275" target="_top">De Paardenliefhebber</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=276" target="_top">De Recreatieruiter</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=277" target="_top">De Wedstrijdruiter</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=278" target="_top">De Instructeur</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=279" target="_top">De Equitherapeut</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=280" target="_top">De Client</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=281" target="_top">De Manager</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=195" target="_top">x Zoek per Thema</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=262" target="_top">*T Zelfervaring</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=263" target="_top">*T Angstbegeleiding</a><BR><a 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href="index.php?content_id=243" target="_top">*Curs. Workshops</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=269" target="_top">*Opl.HippoCoach</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=221" target="_top">Opl. 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target="_top">OPV</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=33" target="_top">PMTV</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=290" target="_top">*psychotherapie</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=39" target="_top">Psychotherapie</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=291" target="_top">*zelfervaring</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=293" target="_top">*supervisie</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=292" target="_top">*orthoped.voltigeren</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=294" target="_top">*projectontwikkeling</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=295" target="_top">*clinics</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=296" target="_top">*angstbegeleiding</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=297" target="_top">*psychosociale begel</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=15" target="_top">Opl.Equitherapie</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=38" target="_top">Opleiding SHP-E</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=73" target="_top">Opleiding 2010 11</a><BR><a href="index.php?content_id=127" 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